Change Management Strategy in an Organisation

Change is inescapable: it is achieved by globalization, change in client needs, and innovative advancements among different components. As much as change is inescapable, the idea of individual opposes change; how well an association receives to change, decides the serious a company.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Change Management Strategy in an Organization explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leaders have the job of executing procedures to impact change viably in their association. Change might be quick, where there is insignificant chance to design and modify procedures and items in accordance with the normal change (Hayes 12-23). This paper disks change the executives procedure in an association. Technique A procedure is an idea framework and procedure to be followed, with the point of accomplishing certain set targets. The technique might be made by a specialist, or it very well may be grown inside in an association to guarantee that better procedures have been embraced. Actualizing and dealing with a procedure is the last phase of a system, where components and segments of the methodology are set up. On account of progress, a change methodology ought to be executed and spearheaded by change specialists. Change the board technique Leadership of an association has the command of executing and overseeing change. Organizations, nations and the world when all is said in done is confronting gigantic change and improvements, there are progress and advancement in various regions. Change ought to be slow yet ought to receive a pace that guarantees that the association will profit by circumstances offered by change or moderate any dangers offered by changes in business world. A successful change the board strategy will guarantee a smooth progress from old procedure advancement techniques to the new type of creation. Targets of a change the executives program There are various reasons why change ought to be attempted in an assoc iation. The overall condition offers the goal to meet by the change procedure. Significant goals of a change the executives technique are: Improve current working condition; this is through appropriation of present day or important systems, for instance to actualize chance administration methodology, there are some change that should be suit in an association Adopt an alternate method of getting things done and make the most of accessible open doors as different business openings are made Make new mixes of assets in an association; this is generally when better mix ways have been enhanced Adopt new innovation; logical advancements and improvements have come about to mechanical development that powerful association ought to embrace for productivity and adequacy in inside and outer procedures. Change of business, target showcase, creation formulae, the executives, work plans, expected set of responsibilities among other; this is the place an association need to adopt an alternate stra tegy in business Have an alternate human asset the board framework, PC framework among others Change the executives program The accomplishment of a change program is reliant on how representatives in the association will modify and the manner in which they will see the change. The disposition towards change decides if the procedure will be influenced adequately or not. The change operators should take certain purposeful measures and follow a very much point of view that is impacted by authoritative culture of a company.Advertising Looking for report on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To actualize a change methodology, the accompanying procedure ought to be followed: Planning change This is the place the requirement for an adjustment in an association is perceived; at this stage, an investigation of winning condition in the business is significant. An inward and outside review is directed to guarante e that present situation in advertise is perceived. Change operators should attempt huge research on a region of shortage perceived with the goal that they can devise suitable systems and procedures to a viable arrangement (Newman 56-78). Pilot study and the board sensitisation After the territory that need change has been perceived, the report of the change ought to be examined with top administration. This is a significant undertaking since how well top administration comprehend the change to arrive in an association, the more help they are probably going to provide for the change. Through conceptualizing and association of specialists, alterative are contrived; if there are past associations that have executed any of the set other options, its exhibition ought to be assessed. The hazard regions are set up to guarantee that relief measures have been set up. It is at this phase the best option is picked; this stage may take shifting spans depending with the direness of the current issue, anyway it should address all zones. Staff sensitisation and inclusion After the administration have settled on the route forward, before making any stride further, they ought to include their representatives at all levels looking for their help. At this stage, representatives are probably going to have various inquiries with respect to the change and by what method will be influenced by the change. Change operators ought to be knowledgeable with the normal change results and the impacts it is probably going to have on representatives. On the off chance that a few representatives have a few proposals to the change, their perspectives ought not be bolted out yet ought to be remembered for the change procedure as long as they won't negate the destinations focused by the change. Representatives ought to be made mindful that they are a vital part of the change procedure and the procedure ought not be executed on them rather they ought to be completely associated with the change pr ocedure (Sadler and James 34-46). Combining change When everything is set to go and mentality of workers towards the apparent change is certain, at that point the new technique of doing things ought to be propelled. Prior to exchanging the old procedure of getting things done, the new methodology and the bygone one ought to be run simultaneously to give a testing possibility of the new technique as representatives learn and conform to the new system.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Change Management Strategy in an Organization explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometime there are enhancements that become vital after usage; such upgrades ought to be done before the old framework has been turned off. Backing, observing, improvement and control of the new framework ought to likewise be set out on. Chiefs job in change Management Leaders in an association are commanded with the undertaking of spearheading a business to its ideal goals; they are t he change specialists. In transitional period the pioneers is the person who aides subordinates to the ideal way. They make rules and strategies to be followed in accomplishing the objectives: without dismissing their subordinates. Change should be arranged by any stretch of the imagination, times when it is being executed and led so that it will be acknowledged in the business (Hiatt and Creasey 8-12). Change best practice Change Best practice is the methodology that an organization can embrace to experience the change procedure successfully; it includes pleasing all individuals. Albeit various procedures of progress the executives are utilized in various organizations, John P Kotter’s has thought of an eight-phase change best practice model, as follows: Increase desperation After the top administration has comprehended and upheld the change procedure, change operators goes down the order to make mindfulness on anticipated changes in the organization. Concentrate is on the p articular offices that will be influenced. Having round table gatherings where the normal change is examined is vital. Important contributions from representatives are obliged. Manufacture the controlling group At this stage, individuals have various perspectives, fears and hopeful attitudes; depending with a person. Change specialists should work near clarify better subtleties of the activities and evacuate questions and pressures made. This stage call for demonstrable skill since it can break the whole framework if a negative observation is made in the psyche of the workers. Convey for purchase in This stage, workers experience essential preparing on how they are relied upon to behave after the change procedure. Those workers who are still opposition ought to be given one-on-one methodology where issues and their feelings of trepidation are circulated out. Enable activity Change operators manage the workers to see the practicability of the better approach for getting things done, depending with the turn of events; this stage can be deferred to later date. Any issues and mistaken assumptions are cleaned at this phase as representatives become familiar with the new framework and its tasks. Note at this stage, the old framework despite everything is on.Advertising Searching for report on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Make transient successes The new change is parted with a full test without doing with the bygone one. The new framework command in exercises, this stage allows the organization to assess the new framework as representatives learn it further. Don’t let up on the off chance that the new framework has disillusionments, it ought not be discarded; it ought to be strengthened and acclimated further for the business. Make change stick At this stage, the organization will have comprehended the change and prepared to work with it. The old framework is turned off and instruments component to assess, evaluate and move up to the new framework are set up (Sadler and James 45-76) Conclusion People are static to change; in any case, in the event that an association executes a compelling change program, at that point change can be smooth and successful. A compelling change methodology ought to include workers of an association at various levels and sort for their proceeded with help. Works Cited Hayes, Johns. The Theory and practice

Evaluation to organisational learning practices Free Essays

string(183) to set it aside and decision another other option, or better still to continue embracing a similar system and plan if there is no fluctuation between its normal outcome and genuine result. Association settle on choices which are normal, every day in nature, operational or key in nature; which has to do with the corporate or hierarchical arrangement on the best way to work and complete its capacity so as to viably and effectively accomplish its targets and objectives. These choices some of the time bring about outcomes that are not ideal for the association. Now and again the association stands to pay the consequences for setting out on an inappropriate choice, or settling on a decent choice at an inappropriate time. We will compose a custom paper test on Assessment to authoritative learning rehearses or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now In this manner, hierarchical learning is an exit plan and a field, which contemporary associations have received in figuring out how to recognize and settle on rectifications to wrong choices in the operational system of the association. The specific circumstance and substance of the organisation’s tasks are examined; the change related with it is taking into cognisance. Furthermore, how this influences the hierarchical administrative elements of Planning, Organizing, Staffing, co-ordinating, Reporting and Budgeting, is additionally concentrated in order to achieve compelling and proficient dynamic in the association. What job does assessment play in the authoritative learning rehearses? Since assessment is a valuable instrument in the hands of directors of organization, it is seen that assessment approaches set great precedent at giving precise, legitimate and proper data in individual and the hierarchical fruitful dynamic. Along these lines, the bit of this review is to scrutinize and fundamentally investigate the commitment of assessment to authoritative learning rehearses. CONCEPTUALISATION OF TERMS What Is Organizational Learning? A noticeable researcher that has contributed massively in the field of authoritative learning is Prof. Chris Argyris. He has surprisingly a few books on hierarchical learning. And furthermore crafted by Don Schon is exceptionally perceived. Learning accordion to Argyris and Schon (1978:2), includes the identification and remedy of blunder. Hierarchical learning worries on how associations figure out how to be situated successfully in recognizing and settling on remedy to horrible choice and authoritative technique. The quick changing condition that most associations accept had made the securing of new information troublesome and risky. â€Å"Even if change is endemic this is flawed. Just as being proactive or basically detached, associations may likewise be survivors of inordinate change† (Mande, 2005). As a method of completing hierarchical learning, Argyris and Schon (1974), concocted the Single-Loop Learning and Double-Loop Learning. In Single-Loop learning, given or picked objectives, qualities, plans and rules are operationalised as opposed to addressed. As per smith (2001), single-circle learning is by all accounts present when objectives, qualities, structures and to a huge, degree techniques are underestimated. In single-circle learning the hidden program isn't addressed; the mind-boggling measure of learning done in an association is single-circle learning, since it is intended to recognize and address blunders so the activity completes and the activity stays inside expressed strategy, rules. (Argyris, 1993). Single-circle learning is depicted as an indoor regulator that realizes when it is hot or excessively cold and turns the warmth on or off. This is performed with the data got by the indoor regulator in regards to the room temperature and take restorative measures. The Double-circle learning offers question to overseeing factors themselves, to expose them to basic examination. Such learning may them lead to a change in the administering factors and, in this manner, a move in the manner by which techniques and outcomes are surrounded. (Argyris and Schon, 1974). To Usher and Bryant (1989:87), â€Å"Double-circle learning includes scrutinizing the job of confining and learning frameworks which underlie genuine objectives and methodologies. Argyris (1974; 1982; 1990) contends that twofold â€loop learning is vital if professionals and associations are to settle on educated choices in quickly changing and regularly unsure settings Edmondson and Moingeon (1990:160) puts it that; The fundamental hypothesis, bolstered by long periods of experimental research, is that the thinking forms utilized by people in associations hinder the trading of applicable data in manners that make twofold circle learning troublesome and everything except incomprehensible in circumstances in which much is in question. This make a quandary as these are the exceptionally hierarchical circumstances wherein twofold circle learning is generally required. The graph beneath outline and speak to the procedure of hierarchical single and twofold circle learning. Source: Mark K. smith 2001, Chris Argyris: Theories of activity, twofold †circle learning and hierarchical learning. The graph represents that outcomes from the hierarchical choices and systems that are negative under the single-circle learning, these are altered in accordance with organisation’s activities and methodology, yet under the twofold circle realizing there is an over all change and return to other administering factors that appear to be better and operationalisable in powerful fulfillment of the authoritative objective. What Is Evaluation ? During the time spent creation choices about association practices and systems numerous options are done without for a picked one. What's more, it become important to survey the picked choice to know whether truly it meets its objective or at the end of the day, if the decision for picking it's anything but an off-base decision. In this equivalent vain, Fadeyi (1999:74), has it that â€Å"Once proper options have been secluded, the following stage in dynamic is to assess them and select the one that will best add to the objective. This is the purpose of extreme choice making†. Assessment, as per Williams (2005), is a field that precisely, truly, and thoroughly investigates the qualities or worth of human exercises. The term is most regularly applied to the appraisal of freely subsidized social projects, however can cover pretty much any to incorporate numerous components which settle on it valuable in dynamic. In any case, to Oksanen (2005), â€Å"evaluation is certainly not an enchantment remedy for all circumstances; rather, the dispatch of an assessment must be very much arranged and it must be founded on clear objectives. Assessment is an evaluation of set arrangement, choice or technique of an association or individual, or a gathering and so on, to check whether they can viably meet the objective, destinations or objectives to which they are attracted to meet. In this manner, assessment empowers any association to realize whether to adjust and existing association a current association plan or technique, or to set it aside and decision another other option, or better still to continue embracing a similar procedure and plan if there is no difference between its normal outcome and genuine outcome. You read Assessment to hierarchical learning rehearses in class Learning However, now and again assessment has not effectively unite individual and hierarchical dynamic. As Williams (2005) puts it â€Å"Established assessment approaches have a decent record at giving exact, substantial and proper experiences, however have had blended achievement in getting these consolidated into individual and association choice making†. All things considered assessment has been a powerful apparatus in better dynamic in association. Strategies For EVALUATION According to Williams (2005), the techniques for assessment have been drawn from the applied sociologies. Meeting, study and little gathering forms have been the prevailing information assortment apparatus, composed reports and oral introduction have been the predominant revealing instruments. The innate suspicion that supports most assesses information prompts solid data; and dependable data impacts suitable authoritative and individual conduct. In the perspective on Fadeyi (1999:74), two significant strategies for assessment are; 1. Minimal Analysis: This is an assessment framework whereby the extra income and the extra expenses are looked at. This can be utilized where the goal is benefit boost, which may require ideal utilization of machines that can be accomplished when extra information equivalent yield. 2. Cost Effectiveness Analysis: Cost adequacy, in its least complex structure, is a method for looking over among choices, by distinguish a favored decision when goals are far less explicit than those communicated by such clear amounts as examination does is to constrain the chief to see different other options, by recognizing a favored decision when targets are far less explicit than those communicated by such clear amounts as deals, expenses or benefits. All cost viability investigation does is to compel the choices creators to see different option considering their adequacy versus their expenses. Commitment OF EVALUATION TO Organizational LEARNING PRACTICES. Assessment, as talked about prior, is a viable instrument for dynamic and picking the privilege and practical choices among given elective decisions. Through it an association can get a working technique for the association that would cause it to accomplish its targets and objectives, viably, yet additionally effectively. In this manner, assessment plays a huge and key job in a hierarchical learning practice. Assessment ahs an unmistakable job in the broad associations, for example, services and research establishments, assessment rehearses has upgraded the capacity of this association to make broad changes. Along these lines, institutional assessment become more powerful than innovative work program which is circuitous and happens inside a more drawn out time length â€Å"instituti

Sample TOEFL Essay (Paired Choice)

Sample TOEFL Essay (Paired Choice) The QuestionSome people prefer to eat meals at restaurants, while others prefer to prepare and eat food in their own home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThese days, people enjoy a plethora of dining options, as it is now possible to eat food at wonderful restaurants serving food from around the world, or to use modern technology to prepare great food in the comfort of our own homes. Personally, I prefer to eat at home, rather than going out. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay. To begin with, meals cooked at home are healthier than meals from restaurants, and I strongly value my health. While meals prepared a t restaurants are certainly delicious, they usually include a lot of oil, salt and sugar. Over-consumption of unhealthy ingredients can have a profound effect on our health, and can even lead to chronic illnesses. When I cook for myself at home, I precisely measure the amounts of everything that goes into my food and try my best to limit unhealthy ingredients whenever possible. It is true that my meals may not taste quite as nice at those I might get at a fancy restaurant, but I still enjoy my creations. Rather than enjoying just the taste of the food, much of my pleasure is derived from the enjoyment that went into the cooking of it, and the peace of mind that I gain from knowing that I am taking care of my body. Secondly, everyone knows that restaurants are incredibly expensive. I do not blame restaurant owners for this because I know they must pay a lot for labor, real estate and utilities, but it is true that a meal that might cost five dollars to prepare at home will cost ten times that amount when served to me at a restaurant. Moreover, my country has a tipping culture, which adds increased costs every time I eat out. For example, I remember last month how I paid about fifteen dollars for a simple meal of fish and chips. Potatoes are clearly one of the most inexpensive vegetables in the world, and since I live near the sea, fresh fish can be bought at a local market for just a few dollars a pound. I enjoyed myself, but the amount I paid for it made me feel like I was being irresponsible with my money. In conclusion, I certainly prefer to eat at home rather than at a restaurant. I feel this way because eating at home is healthier, and it makes a lot more economic sense than going out for an expensive meal. (415 words)NoteThis is a sample TOEFL paired choice essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for independent essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

Mobile Commerce Beyond E-Commerce - 7658 Words

Mobile Commerce: Beyond E-Commerce Abstract The popularity of m-commerce devices, especially mobile phones among consumers high-lighted a new source of revenue for businesses. An industry review in mobile commerce found a variety of current trends and business models that will affect future strategic uses from a project management perspective. This paper explores m-commerce technology from a business perspective; how it is similar and differs from e-commerce technically; and tries identifying and exploring potential strategic uses for this new technology. Introduction It is increasingly becoming an understatement to say that the Internet and related technologies are changing the ways we live. Clearly, these technologies will affect†¦show more content†¦These percentages are expected to continue to grow as new models of phones, such as Google’s Android, proliferate into the market. US Revenues from m-commerce in 2009 were $1.2 billion up from $396 million in 2008(Maher, 2010), and as consumers become more comfortable with making purchases with these smartphones, business generated through m-commerce is expected to continue to triple within the next few years(Power,2009). To capture some of this revenue, most wireless mobile providers now offer phones with marketplaces that deliver ringtones, music and customer applications, and major business firms such as Ebay, Macy’s, Scottstrade, and Bank of America have custom applications. These factors make m-commerce a new and important form of business technology that firms need to s trategically consider. M-Commerce: Understanding the fundamentals What is m-commerce? In the past, business typically mass-produced goods and services, selling them through store, catalogue and phone. In the 90’s, the Internet produced a paradigm shift to these marketing strategies; forcing business to reevaluate its own business models and how it communicates its product and services to customers. This diffusion of commerce through the Internet was coined e-commerce, and it unleashed a revolution in buying power. Today, with the rapid proliferation of the mobile phone market, mobile telephony offers the potential platform for unprecedented penetration of the Internet and servicesShow MoreRelatedThe Objectives Of Learning Mobile Electronic Commerce1450 Words   |  6 Pages The objectives of learning Mobile Electronic Commerce are: †¢ To view new and existing Opportunities in MEC. †¢ To understand the nature oforganizations as open systems and reasons for implementing and utilizing e-Commerce. †¢ Modifications that needs to take place in the organizations to effectively implement MEC. †¢ Role of Performance Management in improvingorganization’s performance in e-commerce. †¢ Importance of Customer Orientation in MEC. †¢ Operational and Strategic Outcomesof MEC in order toRead MoreThe Advantages of Mobile Commerce Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is M-commerce? The last decade has witnessed a lot of growth of mobile communication devices and wireless technologies across the globe. 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How the Media Changes People’s Attitudes Towards Mental...

The media, which consists of television, radio and the newspaper, is referred to as a form of communication. It is thought as the most powerful tool of communication due to the fact that it is able to present information at any time either promoting it in a positive or negative light. The media is also known for presenting fake news, however due to the fact that they are communicating to the masses the majority of news is believed if from a ‘reliable’ source. Newspaper companies such as ‘The Sun’ and ‘The Daily Mail’ pay extortionate prices in order to obtain front page stories from paparazzi so they can publish them in their papers resulting more profit for the companies as more individuals buy the papers. The media are able to shape the†¦show more content†¦Another negative portrayal of mental illnesses within the media would be the celebrity Britney Spears. Over the years it has been suggested that the global pop icon suffers from a wide range of mental illnesses, from Bipolar Disorder and Manic Depression to Borderline Personality Disorder and even Postpartum Psychosis. Britney Spears has been subjected to media humilation following a string of divorces which lead to her Bipolar being triggered. Bipolar, which is known in the past as manic depression, is a condition that affects your moods, which can swing from one extreme to another (2) does not have a known cause however it is though that a trigger could impact the individual. In early January of 2007 Britney Spearss aunt died of cancer, this could have been the trigger to Britney’s mental illnesses as just one month later she drastically shaved her head and was then forced into rehab a week later by her family. However, after spending under 24 hours in rehab she checked herself out. The next year was filled with tragedy. She was involved in car accidents, missed court dates, and lost custody of her children. In 2008, Britney locked herself in the bathroom of her home with her small children, refusing to come out. It shifted into a police standoff with full media attention. Eventually, Britney was carried out of the home on a stretcher and taken to Cedars SinaiShow MoreRelatedPsychology Module On Pre Entry Course1374 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Attitude? I will use all research the basic knowledge of psychological research to define Attitude which relates to everyday Human Behaviour. I will be discussing the prospect on behaviour and using well- known Psychologists on their theory on attitudes that effect people behaviour. 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Government Policies to Control Consumption Patterns Free Essays

string(183) " upon food products will result in the discouragement of the purchase of food products and encourage consumers to purchase other products \(Andreyeva,, Long,, Brownell,2010\)\." Abstract: This report aims to examine two government policy options regarding couples, families with male heads, and families with female heads and their consumption of a basket of food and beverages. The government aims to encourage couples to have children in the future by increasing their standard of living. While this report examines both policy options using the utility maximization technique and the expenditure minimization technique and concepts of consumer theory and price elasticity of demand, this report concludes that neither of the options are optimal in increasing the welfare of the couples and families. We will write a custom essay sample on Government Policies to Control Consumption Patterns or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, the report suggests that the government should encourage couples and households to save by offering a higher interest rate. Introduction: In order to encourage and discourage consumption patterns of various products and to manage consumer policies effectively, governments often design macro and micro economic policies to facilitate the performance of certain behaviour. This report seeks to examine the consumption patterns of different types of households, the first being a household consisting of a couple, and the other households of families with children. The report seeks to analyze the expenditure patterns of a household with a male head and compare it with a household with a female head, along with making comparisons between these families and couples without any children (Nishumura Shimomura, 2012). The government’s main aim in the scenario described in the case study is to encourage single couples without any children to begin families and they believe this would be possible if the government encouraged the consumption of other products besides food and beverages. Hence, the government has devised two different policy options to facilitate the performance of such behaviour. The first policy aims to increase the disposable income of all households in order to encourage the consumption of products other than food and beverages. Moreover, the government also wishes to provide monetary benefit to households with children which will also increase their disposable income. The second policy option is to discourage the consumption of food by taxing food products. Thus, this will potentially encourage households to purchase other products except for food. However, the government also wishes to ensure that the households do not become worse off and are as happy as they were previ ously. In order to examine this situation in detail, it is important to use the aid of various economic and scientific models. Thus, this report will commence with a methodology which describes the methods used to analyze and solve this situation by choosing the best policy option. The report will then commence with an examination of each of the policies and their consecutive impact upon the welfare of these households in detail. The report will then analyze the different policy options and their social context, thereby arriving at a conclusion regarding whether either of the policy options are suitable or suggesting other policy options which may be more suitable for this scenario. Methodology: 2.1 Numerical and Theoretical Methodology In order to analyze the situation described in this scenario, this report will make use of various economic models and theories. The first economic theory and numeric economic model that will be used to analyze these policy options is the Utility Maximization Models and the Expenditure Minimization Models. The first step will be to find the optimal utility bundles of both the goods and the associate level of utility of goods and make comparisons between them in order to determine which bundle is offering the most utility. The Utility Maximization technique using the Cobb Douglass function will be used in order to find the combination of goods that provide optimal utility for the households. This will then be followed by the expenditure minimization technique to determine which combination of goods will facilitate minimum expenditure and be an optimum and attractive choice for each of the three households. It is also essential to calculate the effect of policy upon the demand for products and to also calculate the demand for the basket of goods without policy. This will be done with the aid of the optimal demand function for each of the households without policy and with policy. Thus the various budget points for each of the options will be determined and the welfare functions of each of the options for the three households will be constructed. The concepts of consumer theory and price elasticity of demand will also be considered in determining the effectiveness of both policies and determining which policy is the best policy to use in order to encourage the consumption of other goods besides food and beverages. Graphical Methodology: The report will make use of the budget points derived in the numerical calculations of the analysis conducted and then construct budget lines and indifference curves in order to determine which options are optimal for the government and provide maximum utility to consumers without decreasing their welfare. The report will also make use of demand curves and Engel curves to appropriately arrive at a conclusion regarding the two policies mentioned. If neither of the policies seem suitable, the report will offer an alternative policy and provide an explanation of why this policy is more suitable than the ones mentioned in the scenario. Analysis of Both Policy Options: 3.1 Price Elasticity of Demand: The concept of price elasticity of demand measures the extent to which the quantity demanded changes with a change in price. There are basically two types of elasticity which includes elastic demand and inelastic demand. It is essential for governments to know the price elasticity of demand to determine whether the implication of taxes will result in the discouragement or encouragement of purchasing certain products. Thus, in order to determine whether policy option 1 or policy option 2 would prove to be more effective, it is essential for the government to know the price elasticity of demand of food and whether imposing a tax upon food products will result in the discouragement of the purchase of food products and encourage consumers to purchase other products (Andreyeva,, Long,, Brownell,2010). You read "Government Policies to Control Consumption Patterns" in category "Essay examples" If the demand for food products is elastic, this means that policy option 2 which is the imposition of a tax upon food products may prove to be effective in encouraging households to purchase other products besides food. However, if the price elasticity of demand for food products is inelastic, this means that policy option 2 may be ineffective in encouraging consumers to demand other products besides food products. However, the government must ensure that the imposition of a tax upon the various households will not decrease their respective welfare and will leave them as happy as they previously were. The imposition of a tax may reduce the welfare of the respective households and may thus prove not to be an optimum policy. Moreover, the demand for food and beverages is likely to be more or less inelastic as food and beverages are necessities which must be consumed (Starr, 2011). Thus, the concept of price elasticity of demand is applicable in the case of policy option 2 but may not prove to be effective with a 10% tax and possibly not even with the imposition of a 15% tax as if the demand for food and beverages is inelastic, the imposition of a tax will not affect demand to a large extent but may slightly affect demand for all households. However, it will decrease the welfare of male-headed households as they spend a maximum amount of their money upon food and beverages and may also decrease welfare of female headed households. However, the tax may not be as effective upon the expenditure patterns of couples (Bhargava, 2013). Utility Maximization Principle: The utility maximizing principle states that consumers should purchase the combination of goods that maximizes utility and ensures that every dollar spent on that good increases their utility instead of resulting in diminishing utility. Consumers are encouraged to purchase a combination of goods which increases their utility in all respects (Chor, 2010). Hence, in order to find the utility maximization function, it is essential to first find the budget constraint of each good. If the income of each household is approximately $600 and a basket of food and beverages costs $15 while a unit of all other products costs $20. The budget constraint for consumers with $600 for a basket of food and beverages is equal to 40 baskets of goods and services (See Appendix A).The budget constraint for purchasing all other products with an income of $600 is 30 units of other items (See Appendix A). Thus, assuming that consumers are currently purchasing at maximum utility, the utility function for the combination of these two products for couples is: U(x1, x2)= 12/25(x1) 11/4 (x2) The subsequent utility functions for the other families are shown in the appendix. While plotting the budget constraints and the maximum utility points on the indifference curves, it is obvious that couples are maximizing their utility with their current combination of food and beverages but male headed families can maximize their utility by purchasing more of other products and less of food and beverages (Gertler Karadi, 2011). Female headed households can also maximize their utility by purchasing other products besides food and beverages. However, looking at this scenario, it is obvious that while increasing the disposable income of families with children by offering them extra benefits, this will consecutively increase their standard of living and may encourage couples to have children in the future. Moreover, increasing the disposable income of couples by $40 will only allow them to purchase two additional units of other products. However, the purchase of two of these additiona l units may increase their standard of living and may allow the government to achieve their target of encouraging couples to have children (Stavins, 2010). By taxing food and beverages and adopting policy option 2, the government is decreasing utility for all households as most of the households spend a major proportion of their income upon food and beverages. Thus, policy option 2 is not advisable when considering keeping welfare constant for couples and possibly increasing it for families. Expenditure Minimization Problem: The government has two motives when deciding upon a policy option, the first being to maximize or improve welfare and to also minimize their own expenditure upon the policy option that they choose (Refer to Appendix B). Under policy option 1, the government is incurring a heavy expenditure upon offering both families child benefits and also offering an income tax benefit to increase disposable income. This will cause the government sufficient expenditure and will not minimize the government’s expenditure. However, policy option two is increasing the government’s revenue as the government will be imposing a tax upon food and beverages which is a necessity and will thus be reaping revenue from the sale of food and beverages. The government is not incurring expenditure in policy option 2 but is incurring a lot of expenditure in policy option 1 (Tsai et al, 2010). Thus, according to the expenditure minimization model, policy option 2 is more ideal than policy option 1 as policy option 2 offers the government additional revenue and policy option 1 is incurring the government sufficient costs. Looking at the scenarios, of utility maximization and expenditure minimization and price elasticity of demand, both policy options do not seem to be optimal as they are both going in opposite directions and are not coinciding in achieving the government’s objectives. Thus, there is a need to look at an alternative policy option to achieve the government’s objectives. The third policy option to encourage couples to have children and to increase their standard of living may be to encourage savings and encourage couples to save some of their income for the future. By doing so, the government will be encouraging higher amounts of investment in businesses and also increasing the income levels of the couples and households by offering them extra income from the gaining of interest payments. This will also make the future for couples more secure and will encourage them to possibly think of beginning their own family. Thus, the government must increase the interest rate on savi ng in order to encourage couples to save or the government may also offer a decreased interest rate on borrowing which would increase the money supply and encourage further consumption by households and which could be spent upon other goods and services besides food and beverages (Andreyeva, Long, Brownell, 2010). Thus, the government should decide upon an interest rate which would encourage couples to save and a lower interest rate which would encourage them to borrow and increase their consumption (Mytton, Clarke, Rayner, 2012). However, the optimal policy is to encourage couples and households to save as it would make their future more secure, the money put in banks could be invested elsewhere and the government would not be incurring unnecessary expenditure. Moreover, it would increase the welfare of the couples and households in the long run (Zheng, McLaughlin, Kaiser, 2013). References Andreyeva, T., Long, M. W., Brownell, K. D. (2010). The impact of food prices on consumption: a systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food.American journal of public health, 100(2), 216-222. Bhargava, H. K. (2013). Mixed Bundling of Two Independently Valued Goods.Management Science. Chor, D. (2010). Unpacking sources of comparative advantage: A quantitative approach.Journal of International Economics, 82(2), 152-167. Gertler, M., Karadi, P. (2011). A model of unconventional monetary policy.Journal of Monetary Economics,58(1), 17-34. Mytton, O. T., Clarke, D., Rayner, M. (2012). Taxing unhealthy food and drinks to improve health.BMJ: British Medical Journal, 344. Nishimura, K., Shimomura, K. (2012). Trade and indeterminacy in a dynamic general equilibrium model. InNonlinear Dynamics in Equilibrium Models (pp. 347-361). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Starr, R. M. (2011).General equilibrium theory: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. Stavins, R. N. (2010).The problem of the commons: still unsettled after 100 years (No. w16403). National Bureau of Economic Research. Tsai, W. H., Kuo, L., Lin, T. W., Kuo, Y. C., Shen, Y. S. (2010). Price elasticity of demand and capacity expansion features in an enhanced ABC product-mix decision model.International Journal of Production Research,48(21), 6387-6416. Zheng, Y., McLaughlin, E. W., Kaiser, H. M. (2013). Taxing Food and Beverages: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95(3), 705-723. How to cite Government Policies to Control Consumption Patterns, Essay examples

Superstition Essays - Folklore, Luck, Superstitions, Magic

Superstition Md. Mosharaf Bhuiayan ENG 1003 11/9/00 8:30 PM Prof. Dunning Emerged in Superstition In the middle of the night often my mother cries out, Oh God! The dog is whining in the middle of the night; this is inauspicious. Something terrible is coming! Riaz, go feed the dog. She is surrounded by all those superstitious beliefs. She even has book named Fazilatnama or Virtuous Obligation about all those superstitions, like what brings luck and what brings adversity. I am however a very rational person. I tend to believe in reason more than feeling, but I also happen to be superstitious- in my fashion and my culture. My superstitions are those that my mother conveyed to me, which are probably passed into her by her mother. Also the country Bangladesh, in which, I have grown most of my youth is full of superstitious beliefs. So superstitions are passed in the same way as my native language and my culture passed to me. Some examples of common everyday superstitions of my culture are the belief that if your palm itches, you will obtain money; that if your sole itches, you may tra vel; that if your right eyelash throbbed, you will face happiness. And the most common in all over the world as well as in my country is the belief that the number 13 is unlucky, and that a black cat crossing your path can affect your luck. According to The Little Oxford Dictionary, superstition is belief in the existence or power of the supernatural; irrational fear of the unknown; a religion or practice based on such tendencies; widely hold out but wrong idea. Now why do believe in something that has no logical explanation and according to science, which is completely wrong? We can find the answer in the definition of superstition. Though there is no rational explanation, we believe or obey those superstitions because we are afraid of the consequence of not obeying those rules. For example, my mother used to make me feed the dog in the middle of the night to save me from that unknown but something evil, because my mother believes that a dog can sense this evil and feeding the dog is also one way of offering food to that evil. The evil will release me because I offered him food. Also this is a belief that everyone else believes. Now it may be wrong, preposterous, but all the other people think its right and you believe it too. For example, in my country everybody believes that it is inauspicious to travel on an amaavasyaa or New Moon day. On a New Moon day, it is believed that all the demons of the universe walk on the earth and collision with one of them could bring something ominous or harmful. So, that is why my mother would not let me go out at that night because she wants to save me from that unknown but harmful demon. On the other hand, Science is the knowledge of the physical world and its phenomenon, which depends on testing facts and systematic experimentations. My country may be full of superstitions, but many of them can be debunked through logical and scientific experimentation. For example, my mother believes that a dog whines in the middle of the night because it can see all the harmful demons around him. She also believes that on the amaavasyaa or new Moon day all the demons walk around the earth. So during amaavasyaa our dog should whine all night long because he can see those demons (if there any) around him. However during some of the amaavasya I did not even see him whining at all. So the dog only whines when he is hungry and only food can make him stop whining in the middle of the night. Now the widespread belief that it is inauspicious to travel on an amaavasyaa can be proved wrong through logical explanation. This superstition must have evolved before the advent of electricity. It would have been problematic to be stuck at night on a lonely road and plundered by lurking thieves with no moonlight to light up the way. So at that time when there was no electricity, people made superstitions in order to