Kit Kat

The main competitors of Kit Kat are ‘Time Out’, ‘Mars’, ‘Twix’, and ‘Ferrero’. Among the entire competitors ‘Time Out’ is on the top name of the list. According to the survey most of the people prefer Kit Kat rather than the other chocolates. Cadbury is one of the most popular companies for chocolate. It is known for its original milk chocolates. But when it comes to the snack bars, the first preference is ‘Kit Kat’. Hence we can say that the competitors are trying to improvise the original wafer coated with milk chocolate with other ingredients, such as ‘Tim Out’, which inserted flakes, ‘Twix’ which is combined with caramel flavour and ‘Kinder Buenos’ using hazelnut chocolate. This shows that the difference between Kit Kat has a different way to promote their chocolates and their competitors have different ways of promotion as they give there ingredients importance. Consumers are becoming more design conscious, demanding for goods which are aesthetically pleasing. Talking about Kit Kat, the packing is outstanding because of the striking red and convenient size. The chocolate also has a double packing. First is the outer layer which is red in colour and the second is the inner silver layer which is made of foil to protect the chocolate from bacteria and fungus. Products and there packing are affected by the lifestyle of people. More people are eating Kit Kat on the move, creating opportunities for chocolate bar line to compete in the snack market. Thus having an upper hand over its rivals, Kit Kat has done a good job by putting its product picture in front of their packing, so that it gives a clear meaning of what type of confectionary chocolate bar is Kit Kat. Nevertheless, â€Å"Time Out† has also done a good job by telling straight forwardly that it is a snack bar. On the other hand, â€Å"Twix’ packing may be a bit dull and misleading because there packing has only the product name but not what type of snack it is. At the same time, the gold packing is not so appealing to the customers. As for â€Å"Kinder Buenos† there packing is good and interesting but is big and bulky compared to others. As far as marketing system is concerned, Cadbury focuses on their product placement. The punch line will be, â€Å"location, location, location†. The product will normally be placed on the middle shelf, where most consumers find it at the same eye level, from adults to teenagers. When we talk about â€Å"Twix†, their concern is not with the placement of the product, but Mars Inc, their brand product is the one which takes care of its recognition. The same case is with â€Å"Kinder Buenos†, where Ferraro, their brand does the same for it, and helps maintain the sales. While Kit Kat on the other face, does its promotion by inducing a price which is lower to its competitors. The reason is believed to be the ingredients which are mostly local. This enables them to reduce the price. This acts as strength, because when supply and demand mechanism is taken into consideration, lower price leads to higher demand.

A finger at the monster Essay

The monsters attempts fail. When he tries to befriend blind De Lacey, his son Felix, takes it as if the monster is trying to hurt the old man, and with â€Å"supernatural force tore† (134) the monster away from his father. Although, the monster could have â€Å"torn him limb from limb† (134) his â€Å"heart sunk† (134). The monster realized that he will never be accepted by anyone due to his appearance, and how could anyone accept him when his own creator abandoned him. The monster is all alone. At this point he seeks revenge, revenge upon Victor that â€Å"cast him abroad an object for the scorn and horror of mankind† (138) and rightfully so. When the monster saves a girl from drowning, instead of people showing him gratitude he is shot and wounded, his â€Å"reward of my benevolence†¦ the miserable pain of a wound† (140). Why should he continue to be kind to humans, when every encounter he had with them were horrific, and all due to his appearance. It is no surprise that the monster turned from good to evil after everything he endured. He adapted to the elements he was surrounded with, not by choice. The monster is an outsider of his abnormality, isolated from society. All he wants is someone to talk to, a friend, and thus, asks Victor to â€Å"make him happy† (145) by creating a companion of opposite sex, as â€Å"hideous† (145) as he is. Victor agreed to fulfill his wishes but, in the end, he changes his mind and destroys it, leaving the first monster alone, yet again. He robs the monster hope of a companion, in doing so provokes him. Victor’s justification that the monster might be â€Å"more malignant than her mate† (164) sounded more like an excuse to abort his work. He was well aware what his actions might lead to, Henry’s and Elizabeth’s death (which they ultimately did). The monster warned Victor that he will be with Victor on his wedding night (167). However, Victor brushes it off as if the monster was threatening his life. He was so self-centered that if he paid closer attention to the monsters threats he would have realized that he was not referring to Victor but, to Elizabeth when he said â€Å"Shall each man, find a wife for his bosom, and each beast have his mate, and I be alone? † (166). Victor is wrapped around his own self-pity, feeling sorry for Elizabeth when she finds, â€Å"her lover so barbarously snatched from her† (167). He doesn’t feel sorry for Elizabeth, his sorrow is for himself. Victor is left to anticipate his death. One is quick to judge the unfortunate monster that is left to fend for itself. Alone, abandoned, lonely and loveless, thriving for one tiny bit of human attention and acceptance from anyone. You may argue that the killer deserved no less. However, do not be hasty in your judgment of the ill-fated creature who was abandoned by his hypocritical creator for the sole reason of not being pleasing to the eye. The mind of the creator, Victor, proved to be quite shallow. He did not take time to assess true worth of his creation, to see what is valuable under the unsightly exterior. So what if the monster was not appealing enough? The monster was intelligent, patient and in need of love and company. The monster was not picky of whose company that may be. He is willing to talk to anyone who would stand the sight of him, but no one did. A killer whose hand was â€Å"forced† to kill by his creator who did not take responsibility to train his creation, teach him right from wrong – educate him. One can argue that Victor Frankenstein didn’t kill anyone therefore is less of a monster. If you take into consideration that he deserted his so called â€Å"first born†, he might as well have killed the monster and saved him years of misery, sorrow, humiliation, loneliness and abandonment. Think of it this way; in the eyes of the dragon St. George, it must have looked as the biggest monster, but, under the circumstances, opinion of the poor creature counts for very little. We don’t seem to care for the dragon anymore than we care for a poorly created monster. Do we not then blame the creation more than we blame the creator who is greedy, self-centered, self-indulgent, self-gratifying, conceited, egoistical and selfish to no end? Victor, the creator, is not a killer but he may as well been. His actions lead to many innocent lives. Victor never tried to rectify his behavior towards the monster, even after the first death occurred. Victor just took the death as his punishment. He didn’t stop the second killing, third nor fourth. It was Victor’s sole responsibility to care for the creature. Even if you still argue that the monster was the one committing murders, admitted that was his only sin. The monster had not thought of the meaning of â€Å"thou shall not kill†. Can you argue that the creator’s greed for power was any less deadly of the sin than the one of his creation? Victor’s pride which prevented him from accepting the monster was also the reason that instigated his need for monsters creation. All Victor had ever done was for his own prestige and glory that served himself with total disregard of others. With all the killings the monster had committed, you still find sympathy for the poor creature. At least he is regretful and remorseful for his actions. The monster confessed his sins and wept in his self-realization, â€Å"even that enemy of God and man had friends and associates in his desolation, I am alone† (218). We find the sympathy to forgive the unfortunate monster for the fear that perhaps, heaven forbid, one day we would end up alone. Works Cited Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Karen Karbiener. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2003. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

An Overview Of The Transformation And The Expected Changes Of Middle Easts Air Travel Industry

An Overview Of The Transformation And The Expected Changes Of Middle East's Air Travel Industry Introduction: Over the past decade, there has been momentous change in the air travel industry in the Middle East. The rapid expansion of three Gulf-based airlines and the development of three major air travel hubs in the region has brought large amounts of new air service to these cities while the growing route networks of these carriers has put great pressure on other established airlines carrying passengers across the Eastern Hemisphere. Fifteen years ago, the region’s air travel market looked very different. A single airline, government-owned carrier Gulf Air, served as the flag carrier for Bahrain, Qatar, Abu Dhabi, and Oman. It operated services to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania; however, lacking a central hub, it did not aim to service passengers traveling between those regions, focusing instead on origin and destination traffic to the Middle East. Traffic between these continents was left to the carriers based on each end of the route. One example of this is the Kangaroo Route wh ich refers to flights between Europe and Australia. Until the 2000’s, the Kangaroo Route was dominated by Qantas and British Airways who operated the flight with intermediate fuel stops in Southern Asia (Schofield, 2012). These long, point-to-point routes lack the efficiency and economies of scale that a centrally-located hub provides. In 1985, Emirates Airline began operations as a small carrier based in Dubai. This airline would eventually become a major rival to Gulf Air and spark the airline boom in the Middle East (â€Å"Our History†, 2012). Beginning in 2002, the states invested in Gulf Air began to withdraw and form their own state carriers with hubs in the capital of each. By 2006, Gulf Air was fully controlled by Bahrain and Qatar Airways, Oman Air, and Etihad Airways in Abu Dhabi had been formed. Since the inception of these carriers, three have grown dramatically through the expansion of their route networks, fleet sizes, and improvements to the airports at which they are based. These are Emirates, Etihad Airways, and Qatar Airways and have come to be known as the Middle East Three or ME3. In this memo, I will analyze the factors that have enabled the expansion of the ME3 and attempt to determine the effect the growth of these companies has had and will have on other air carriers. Findings: Changes in the Air Travel Market Some of the growth in the Middle Eastern air travel market can be attributed to trends that are affecting the industry globally. Long-haul air tickets have fallen over the past decade making intercontinental travel accessible to many more people. In the market for coach-class travel, consumers have become more price-sensitive and tend to opt for the lowest fare over other factors such as comfort or routing. This has led to the launch of numerous no-frills carriers and caused full-service carriers to increase seating capacity and decrease complimentary services in order to lower ticket prices and better compete. On the other hand, in the premium-class air travel market, competition has become centered on providing the most luxurious product in the sky (Smyth, 2008). The ME3 have outdone each other installing showers, private rooms, bars, and even an entire apartment in their first-class cabins. The introduction of codesharing and airline alliances has also enabled airlines to launch r outes that may previously have been unprofitable. Codesharing allows passengers traveling on one airline to seamlessly connect to a partner airline’s flight and stimulates demand for flights between the hubs of partner carriers. The ME3 all have extensive codeshare relationships with airlines from around the world, allowing them to sell tickets to a greater number of destinations and operate fuller flights (â€Å"What the,† 2005). Qatar Airways is also a member of the Oneworld alliance, enabling them to codeshare with all other member airlines as well as coordinate flight schedules and reciprocate frequent flyer benefits. Middle East Demographics and Geography Changes in the demographics and economies of Middle Eastern countries have also caused demand for air service in the region to grow, making expansion of the Middle East Three possible. Gulf nations have seen extreme growth in population largely due to immigration. Qatar’s population has seen average annual growth of around fifteen percent in the past decade (â€Å"Population growth,† 2015), while the United Arab Emirates has experienced a growth rate of around fourteen percent (â€Å"Demographic profile,† 2011). The population of expatriate and migrant workers in the UAE and Qatar has expanded rapidly as well in the past decade. Eighty-four percent of the UAE’s population and ninety percent of its workforce are made up of migrant workers, many of whom come from India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (Malit, 2013). This has stimulated great demand for flights between Gulf countries and the home countries of their labor forces to serve workers beginning and ending their contracts and returning home to visit family. There has also been large economic growth in the Middle East. The UAE has averaged 4.66 percent year-over-year GDP growth in the past decade (â€Å"United Arab,† 2015), while Qatar has averaged 3.81 percent (â€Å"Qatar GDP,† 2015). This economic prosperity has created demand for skilled workers, especially in the finance and banking sectors. The Dubai Economic Council has even stated that â€Å"Dubai is heavily dependent on expatriates for continued economic growth and development† (Al Awad, 2008). Many of these expatriate workers come from Europe, East Asia, and North America. As companies open new offices in cities such as Doha, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi and send employees to these cities to conduct business, a great deal of corporate travel to the Gulf region is created, allowing air carriers to launch new routes and add capacity to other business hubs. The ME3 also have a geographic advantage. The hub cities of these carriers are located on or near the shortest route between Oceania and Europe and are centrally located in the Middle East region for connections to other cities in the region. They are also located close to the halfway point for travel between Europe and South Asia. These geographic factors make the ME3 ideally situated for handling connecting traffic between these regions using a hub and spoke model. Struggling Legacy Air Carriers The Gulf-based carriers have benefitted from the struggles and downfalls of other air carriers serving routes also covered by the ME3. A few examples of this are Air India, Kingfisher Airlines, and Qantas. State-owned Air India has faced severe financial woes since it chose to â€Å"aggressively dry and wet lease aircraft was taken to increase market share† in 2006 and unsuccessfully merged with Indian Airlines in 2007, according to an aviation analyst (Manju, 2009). They have since greatly reduced the scope of their operations, cutting routes and selling or leasing their long-haul aircraft to other carriers. The airline sold five of its long-haul Boeing 777 aircraft to Middle Eastern rival Etihad Airways and is focusing on growing its short-haul operations (â€Å"Air India,† 2013). Civil Aviation Minister Ajit Sing cited foreign competition as a cause of the troubles saying, â€Å"The airline cannot be complacent as there a lot of new airlines that are coming in. Both the management and employees of Air India must perform or perish† (Phukan, 2013). Another, younger, Indian air carrier, Kingfisher Airlines, did perish after experiencing a financial crisis stemming from its nonpayment of income taxes and subsequent bankruptcy. The carrier, which had been the second-largest in India by market share, suspended all operations permanently in 2012 (â€Å"Kingfisher Airlines,† 2012). The downsizing of Air India and elimination of Kingfisher from the marketplace has presented itself as a great opportunity for the ME3 carriers. Their hubs are geographically well positioned to serve traffic travelling between India and points westward and they are based in countries with large amounts of migrant labor traffic to India. Qantas Airways had historically dominated the Oceania to Europe market with its well-known Kangaroo Route; however the airline’s long-haul operations have been generating significant losses recently, causing the airline to implement cost-cutting measures and begin a restructuring campaign. This has involved Qantas’ elimination of 5,000 jobs, cessation of flights to Europe, growth of its low-cost subsidiaries, and formation of codeshare partnerships with other carriers to carry the airline’s Europe-bound traffic (â€Å"Qantas responds,† 2014). The Middle East-based carriers have again benefitted from this airline’s reduction in service. They have hubs that lie on the straight-line path between Australia and Europe and are capable of handling large amounts of connecting traffic between the regions. Qantas chose to discontinue its former flagship London service in favor of routing passengers through Dubai on flights operated by codeshare partner Emirat es (Leo, 2012). Future for Expansion The future for the Middle East Three continues to be bright. All three carriers have outstanding orders for significant numbers of large, long-haul, widebody aircraft. Qatar Airways has orders for aircraft that will expand its fleet by over 140 percent (â€Å"Our Fleet†). The Emirates fleet will expand by 130 percent and Etihad’s will grow by nearly 200 percent in the next decade (â€Å"Our fleet,† 2015). All of the ME3 carriers operate the world’s largest passenger aircraft, the 500-passenger Airbus A380. Emirates plans to operate a fleet of 140 of these aircraft and is already by far the largest operator of the aircraft type (â€Å"Our Fleet – The Emirates Experience,† 2015). The carriers plan to add new destinations to their route maps as additional capacity is added into the fleet with Qatar Airways opening at least four new cities within the next year. Etihad Airways has been especially aggressive in growing through the acquisition of stakes in other carriers. Etihad has purchased forty-nine percent stakes in struggling carriers Alitalia and Air Serbia, rebranded Switzerland-based Darwin Airlines as Etihad Regional to feed traffic from smaller European cities onto its Geneva to Abu Dhabi flights, and also has large holdings in Air Berlin, Air Seychelles, Virgin Australia, Jet Airways, and Aer Lingus. The airline has begun what it calls the Etihad Equity Alliance made up of all the carriers in which the airline has significant investment (â€Å"Etihad Airways’,† 2013). The airlines cooperate in a similar fashion to those in the big three traditional airline alliances; coordinating schedules, launching co-branded marketing campaigns, and enacting codeshare agreements. The home base hubs of each of the ME3 carriers are also undergoing significant improvement. Doha, Qatar’s airport was recently completely replaced to provide additional facilities for its main tenant, Qatar Airways and improve the passenger experience (â€Å"Hamad International†). The Dubai International Airport, home to Emirates, is currently completing its expansion Master Plan with a new Concourse D and expansion of Terminal 2 to be completed this year (Jain, 2011). Dubai has also opened a brand new airport called Al Maktoum International Airport to which some smaller carriers have moved, making room for the expansion of Emirates at Dubai International (Cohen, 2010). The Abu Dhabi International Airport is also being expanded with two new runways and an entirely new terminal complex to facilitate Etihad Airways’ growth (â€Å"Terminal Complex,† 2014). The expansion of these airports will allow the ME3 to further grow their operations, reduce congestion, and make the hubs more attractive as connecting points for transiting passengers. Response from Other Carriers Naturally, the extreme growth of the air travel market in the Middle East and the expansion of the Gulf-based airlines have impacted other players in the global airline market. This has led other air carriers to make changes to their operations in response. In order to compete with the ME3, Turkish Airlines has expanded their hub operation in Istanbul to accommodate more connecting traffic. Also well-positioned for handling traffic traveling from Europe to Asia, Turkish Airlines seeks to emulate the hub model of the ME3 in order to remain competitive (â€Å"Turkish Airlines,† 2013). The airline is also expanding its aircraft fleet with its fleet slated to expand by about seventy-five percent (â€Å"Turkish Airlines – Fleet,† 2014). Turkish Airlines is also promoting the construction of the Istanbul New Airport to allow the airline to expand further and alleviate congestion at Ataturk Airport. The development of the Middle Eastern air travel market by the ME3 and the population and economic expansion taking place in the area have also led to the launch of several low-cost air carriers in the region who target more price-sensitive travelers flying shorter routes. Air Arabia was founded in 2003 and operates from Sharjah, in an emirate not served by Etihad or Emirates. Profitable since its first year of operation, the airline’s fleet and route network continue to grow. Competing more closely with Dubai-based Emirates, low-cost carrier flyDubai launched in 2009 operating regional routes with coach-configured aircraft (Hofmann, 2009). They also continue to expand their fleet and move closer toward being a full-service carrier with the addition of a Business Class cabin in 2013 (Algethami, 2013). Fierce competition on the part of the ME3 has led to a number of airlines cancelling long-haul routes that are more easily served by the Gulf region’s hubs. As previously mentioned, the end of Qantas’ Kangaroo Route and their opting to partner with Emirates on the route signal that the ME3’s cost and geographic advantages have significantly impacted the operations of other players in the air travel market. British Airways also ended its Australia service and Air New Zealand cut its version of the Kangaroo Route, opting to fly to Europe via the Pacific with a stop in Los Angeles (Schofield, 2012). Numerous routes within the Middle East have also been impacted. Flights to countries such as Iran, Pakistan, and India have also largely been transferred from the local airlines of each nation to the ME3. The rapid growth of the ME3 has also led to some outcry from other airlines regarding possible unfair advantages possessed by the Gulf-based carriers. In the midst of a movement to begin an Open Skies agreement between the United States and United Arab Emirates in which carriers from each nation would have fewer restrictions on the routes and frequencies they operate between the countries, leaders of United, American, and Delta Air Lines recently issued a joint statement to the Department of Transportation in which they accused the ME3 of receiving â€Å"$42.3 billion in â€Å"quantifiable† subsidies since 2004, accompanied by other benefits including breaks on local airport infrastructure and services, exemptions from corporate taxes and advantages from â€Å"opaque† related-party transactions† and that this â€Å"clearly shows there has been subsidization of these carriers,† representing an unfair advantage (Carey, 2015). Conclusions: There are a number of factors that have enabled the Middle East Three to become dominant global air carriers. The near-dissolution of Gulf Air paved the way for three major hubs to form in Doha, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai, each with an independent airline. Increases in the amount of foreign investment and trade in the region have stimulated business traffic and immigration to the Gulf states, leading to greater demand for air travel. Global trends regarding consumer preferences in air travel purchases has helped validate the hub and spoke and high-density coach class configurations used by the ME3. The struggle and failure of other airlines serving destinations also served by the ME3 has allowed these carriers to easily expand into many lucrative markets. The growth of the ME3 has challenged other carriers to remain profitable on several long-haul routes and led to some effectively saying, â€Å"If we can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em,† and forming partnerships with the Gu lf carriers. The ME3 have helped cultivate the air travel market in the Middle East and enable new startup and low-cost carriers to launch. In order to better compete, some airlines, like Turkish, are attempting to emulate the ME3’s East to West hub model. All signs point to the ME3 continuing to expand for the foreseeable future. Each of the airlines has large aircraft orders outstanding and is working on improvements to its hub airport in order to facilitate further growth. The growth of the airline sector has also had a significant impact on the economy of the countries in which the ME3 are based. The Chairman of the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority said that the aviation industry â€Å"will contribute 32 percent to Dubais GDP by 2020† (â€Å"Thriving aviation,† 2014). The Middle East Three have benefitted from very fortunate geographic, demographic, and economic situations in their home region. Good planning and some possible government subsidies have enabled the rapid growth of these companies over the past decade. These carriers have become a force to be reckoned with in the global aviation market.

Write a critical commentary on part 3 of the Prologue of Nietzsches Term Paper

Write a critical commentary on part 3 of the Prologue of Nietzsches text. (Thus Spoke Zaratustra) - Term Paper Example Nietzsche positions the Superman as the most effective solution to the nihilism which, according to him, is the definitive feature of his reality and the world around him. In part 3 of Zarathustra’s prologue, Nietzsche refers to the analogy with Darwin’s philosophy of evolution, to prove that the process of transition to the Superman is in no way a product of natural selection; rather, it is something an individual can achieve only through a profound self-transformation and sacrifice. Part 3 of Prologue in Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra offers an insight into the concept of the Superman and the ways individuals can achieve the highest state of spiritual being. Actually, the Superman is the highest state of each person’s being and the only way individuals can combat nihilism which dominates their society: â€Å"The Superman is the meaning of the earth. Let your will say: The Superman shall be the meaning of the earth!† (Nietzsche). Those, who are unable to grasp the meaning of the Superman and are not willing to lead themselves to the spiritual self-awareness and revival, are bound to spend their lives surrounded by disguise and blasphemy. The Superman is something that can help people to look beyond their bodily urges and concerns. The Superman can help the society to look contemptuously on their bodies from the viewpoint of a supreme thing (Nietzsche). The Superman will work to reduce the poverty and pollution of the society’s spi rit and soul and justify the happiness of its existence. It is interesting to see, that in his explanation of the Superman concept, Nietzsche (or Zarathustra) refers to the concept of evolution and Darwin’s theory. Zarathustra uses Darwin’s concept of evolution, to illustrate the point of the Superman and to show the best way toward the ultimate point of happiness and self-fulfillment. Zarathustra criticizes the society’s belief in evolution and points out that achieving the highest state of consciousness is spirit

History of East Asia 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of East Asia 2 - Essay Example The Yamato clan conquered large part of Japan, especially Honshu and Kyushu islands. As mentioned earlier, there were many clans and families that ruled sections of the country. The biggest threat that a king faced during those times were uprising from these local rulers. By mid 500 AD Buddhism has been established and its peace message ensured that the country did not face too much of internal and external threats for around four hundred years. Even so, there was the possible threat of uprising from some ambitious head of the local clans. The Heian Empire sought the help of the Fujwara clan in maintaining peace and even allowed them regency rule. This powerful clan helped to see that other clans accepted the rule of the Heian Empire. King Kotoku used another tactic through land and policy reforms to weaken the aristocratic families during the middle of the sixth century AD. He made a rule that all agriculture property in his domain become the property of the emperor which will be leased out to people for cultivation. During later periods, hundreds of Buddhist Templ es were built and these were under the control of priests or monks. Their sheer number and influence began to rise and king feared that his own influence and power may be overshadowed. In 794 AD the current capital was moved to what is today known as Kyoto to reduce the meddling of priests in national affairs. A law was also passed at that time allowing no more than two Buddhist temples to be built within the city premises. So, the popularity and growth of Buddhism gave rise to one more type of threat apart from those that came from the local clans and families. The Fujiwara clan began to have more influence with the king by the second half of 800 AD. The far sighted head of the clan married off the daughters to emperors ensured that the son born out the liaison would become the king in the future. The head of the Fujiwara clan then would proclaim himself as the regent to

Knowledge Management - managing knowledge Essay

Knowledge Management - managing knowledge - Essay Example According to Dimitris Karagiannis (2005), knowledge is a combination of many factors which together makes up strategies that helps in making decisions. It includes aspects of understanding of the organization and its people and the experience with the organization or others in the same line. It includes organized information from documents and other artefacts in the organization or outside. It is a difficult task to organize knowledge and get the best value from it. There must be highly organized initiative in the aspects of organization itself, its people and the enabling environment. According to Sanchez Ron (2001), knowledge management is a technology by itself which helps in assessing the actual and potential contribution to the process of creating and sharing of new ideas and decisions in an organization. It is good to understand that knowledge management is more of a process than a product. It represents a process in which ideas and facts are gathered, carefully analyzed and considered before arriving at any strategy. It forms the bases for effective planning and understanding of a strategy. It provides a way in which unstructured data is processed to become a more useful data that can form basis of strategizing for the benefit of the organization. The process consists of some components that are important and cannot be ignored. It requires consulted effort or collaboration from all quarters of the organization. It is important for all to contribute to the process in order to have diverse knowledge about a subject matter. In requires the aspect of content ma nagement and taxonomy management. Hence any effective organizational management must put into practice the knowledge management process in order to have effective strategies that work for the organization. According to Chun Choo and Nick Bontis, (2007), there are two broadly recognized approaches or technologies to management that are currently practiced in many companies and which are being advocated by many consultant firms. Sound management strategies require an extremely creating synthesis of the two approaches as each helps to offset the limitations of the other. The two approaches that are being advocated in company strategy are tacit and explicit forms of knowledge are being used in organizational management. The two approaches are merely forms of organized knowledge that can be applied in management. They are knowledge approaches which are fundamental in making decision. In the process of codification or articulation, tacit knowledge can be transformed to explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge approach in strategies As the name suggest, this is the knowledge that cannot be easily shared with other people. It is the knowledge that is possessed inside and which is difficult to communicate to the organization unless through an enhanced process of knowledge management. This is the kind of knowledge that people carry in their minds. It is a form of knowledge that is difficult to access unless one is willing to contribute it to the organizatio

MEDICAL STAFF AND NURSING LAW Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MEDICAL STAFF AND NURSING LAW - Article Example The doctrine is classified under the law of torts, which in itself stands for civil wrongs. The most commonly sued tort in the medical field is negligence. The authors (Reagan & Regan) define negligence as an act that put under the similar conditions as the accused, a more prudent professional would perform differently and better to serve the interest of the persons put under their care. (Regan & Regan 2002) define the relationship between the employer and the employee very clearly. They state that a clear line has to be drawn in order to establish with certainty that there existed an agency relationship between the parties for which the senior faces charges for the mistakes of the junior. Malpractice is defined as failure to provide professional services with the skill usually exhibited by responsible and careful members of the profession, resulting in injury, loss, or damage to the party contracting for those services (Regan & Regan 2002). It is under the torch of medical malpractices that the acts of negligence is best shone on the undertakings that could be regarded as acts of negligence. When the employee is charged with conducting the business of the employer under situations or directions not prior agreed upon with the employer or simply disallowed by the employer, the precedent is set for the master to excuse themselves from the omissions of their staff. This balance puts employers at the helm of deciding and defining their work relations with their employees. Serving as a practicing nurse, there are many responsibilities that fall on the shoulders of the incumbent in such a position. For example a more experienced and clearly skilled nurse is put in charge of junior staff in the nursing department. The senior nurse is by this doctrine expected to ‘carry the cross’ for the acts of omission or commission for which the juniors expose

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intermediate Accounting 2 answeres - Essay Example (Maxwel, 2010) The lease receivable will be revealed as an asset on the balance sheet, and the interest revenue is recognized over the term of the lease, as paid. Normally, the company will record its sale on its books, removing the asset from its books and replacing it with a receivable from the lease. During the lease term, the lessor receives interest income. The cash inflow equals the lease payments and the cash outflow is equal to the book value of the asset. (Paul, 2007) Legally, the lease expenses are usually treated as operating expense and the operating lease is not revealed as part of the capital of the firm. When a lease is classified as a sales type lease, the present value of the lease expenses is treated as debt, and interest is imputed on this amount and shown as part of the income statement. Changing from operating leases to sales type leases increases the debt shown on the balance sheet significantly. (Paul, 2007).It is therefore wise for the company to use operating lease since there would be no increase in debt. The operating lease payments in future years, which are revealed in the footnotes to the financial statements for US firms, should be discounted back at a rate that should reflect their status as unsecured and fairly risky debt. As an approximation, using the firm’s current pre-tax cost of debt as the discount rate yields a good estimate of the value of operating leases. Note that capital leases are accounted for similarly in financial statements, but the significant difference is that the present value of capital lease payments is computed using the cost of debt at the time of the capital lease commitment, and is not adjusted as market rates change. Using straight line method Depreciation = (Cost - Residual value) / Useful life/salvage value. Suppose the cost of airplane is p, then the salvage value of x and y under 15 and 25 years

Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Essay

Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer - Essay Example the help of two cohort studies, two case control studies, one cross sectional study, and one clinically randomized study.Before that, we should at least know the different modes of hormone replacement therapy. Unopposed estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) was the treatment in 1960s and 1970s (Kennedy, D.L. et al, 1985). Now, the favored prescribing practice is combination HRT (CHRT), that is, adding a progesterone to the entire monthly cycle either as continuous combined replacement therapy (CCRT) or a part of the cycle as sequential estrogen plus progestin therapy (SEPRT) (Ross K. R. et al, 2000). The studies designed by Gapstur, Morrow, and Sellers and Feigelson, Jonas, Teras, Thun, and Calle, are two prospective cohort studies that have been analyzed by the present investigator. These studies attempted to refute the association of HRT and breast cancer, and failure to refute this concept strengthened confidence in it. In both these studies, they identified the participants who do not yet have disease but were on HRT. These groups in both these studies were observed over time to determine the frequency of new incidence of disease in these populations. These studies had been designed in such a way that these would provide the best results as opposed to the case control studies. The case control studies on the other hand use patients who already have disease or suspected to have breast cancer, and these studies that have been analyzed here look back to study the difference from those who have proven absence of the disease. The case control studies that have been used are those designed by Evis Sala, Ruth Warren, Jenny McCann, Stephen Duffy,... Evis Sala, Ruth Warren, Jenny McCann, Stephen Duffy, Robert Luben, and Nicholas Day, High-Risk Mammographic Parenchymal Patterns, Hormone Replacement Therapy And Other Risk Factors: A Case-Control Study, Int. J. Epidemiol., Aug 2000; 29: 629 - 636. Lorne J. Hofseth, Ahmed M. Raafat, Janet R. Osuch, Dorothy R. Pathak, Carol A. Slomski, and Sandra Z. Haslam, Hormone Replacement Therapy with Estrogen or Estrogen plus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Is Associated with Increased Epithelial Proliferation in the Normal Postmenopausal Breast, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., Dec 1999; 84: 4559 - 4565.

Analysis on Jones and Shepard Accountants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis on Jones and Shepard Accountants - Essay Example Being a hierarchical organization in nature, it was hard for it to focus on the running of projects in the organization. This paper will review the problems the organization faced in terms of systems. Also, it will look at the possible recommendations that might have improved the functioning of the organization. Internal conflict in the organization has led to squabbles that have affected the accomplishment of project goals. This is due to lack of proper organizational structures. With nobody to manage the stakeholders present, the desired results are not attained. The lack of people in command to govern the running of the projects in the organization often pushes the customers’ needs and wants to the backburner. The hierarchical system in most organizations can prevent the attainment of desired results in the organization (Kerzner, 2009). Restructuring the system in which the organization is run can help the organization tremendously. Dividing the organization’s structure by hiring project managers to aid in the running of projects can also be of immense benefit (Kerzner, 2009). When the organization realizes the current system they are operating on is not working in their favor, they might try to adopt an alternative approach that focuses on the organization’s projects rather than the one that does not. Adopting a matrix system may be the way to go about it. A matrix system is one that involves different functional leaders in charge of their fields of expertise. Here, the people are able to report to the different leaders responsible while following the correct procedures, and protocol (Kerzner, 2009). Project managers have influence over the performance of all the employees they manage. There are different types of matrixes. There is the strong type, the weak type, and the balanced type. The strong type covers the project manager being in charge of the functioning of the projects.  

The relationship between Eddie and Catherine Essay Example for Free

The relationship between Eddie and Catherine Essay These other variable s are: Cross-sectional area of the wire (0. 02mm) Material (Constantan 36 SWG) Temperature (The voltage does not need to be kept constant but to be able to calculate the resistance of the wire it must be measured at each length because Ohms Law is true providing the temperature is constant. ) Safety Ensure that all connections are secure before the power is switched on. Do not touch the wire being used as a resistor until after the power has been turned off. It is recommendable not to touch the wire for a short while after the power has been switched off because the wire may be hot. Ensure that the work area is dry because water is a very good conductor and could cause electrocution. Take care when using scissors to cut the wire/sellotape. All accident must be reported to the teacher immediately. Potential Difference (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (? ) Length of Wire (cm) 1 2 Average 1 2 3 Average 1Conclusion and Graph It was previously predicted that the greater the length of wire the greater the resistance. I also predicted that the resistance of the wire was directly proportional to the wires length. The graph produced from the averages of the resistances obtained in the experiment proves the prediction because in the graph a straight-line through the origin was produced. The graph plotted was Resistance versus wire length graph (R against L) therefore the resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire (R ? L), as predicted in the prediction. The prediction predicted that the greater the length of wire the greater the resistance. The resistance will be greater because, in longer wires, electrons have the pass more ions (opposition) when travelling through the wire. This means that there is a greater probability that an electron will collide with an ion. The more collisions the more times an electron is knocked off course and thus more time to travel through the material. Using this theory, it seems that the resistance of a wire can be quantified, because it seems that if an electron has to pass twice as many ions as in the original wire then the electron will collide with twice as many ions and will, consequently knocked off course twice as many times with the result being that the electron takes twice as long to travel through the wire. Doubling the length of wire doubles the number of ions in the wire and therefore it will take an electron twice as long to go through a piece of wire twice as long. In a similar manner, it will take an electron three times as long to travel through a wire three times as long. This can then be applied to a piece of wire x times as long as the original wire because we can see that it will take an electron x times as long to pass through a wire x times as long (on average). Thus, we can deduce that: R = x L (x is a constant) Evaluation The think that the experiment performed was successfully as there were no anomalous results plus the results produced a perfect line of best-fit. The fact that there we no anomalous results shows that the method was suitable and was carried out accurately. It also suggests that the points mentioned in the preliminary work regarding leaving the power supply on for the minimal time to keep the temperature constant which achieved accurate results and suggests that the choice of voltage and wire lengths was made successfully. However, some slight inaccuracies did occur in the experiment and this led to a line of best-fit i. e. there was not a straight-line joining all of the points together being drawn. The inaccuracies it seem could have been attributed by the following: Inaccurately judging the wire length, the length of wire may have been slightly inaccurately judged because judging the wire to be completely straight and taut using just our eyes was extremely difficult. Temperature change this variable was the most difficult to keep constant and it seems that this variable was, in fact, not kept constant. It seems that the wire will heat up as soon as the power is switched on and current is allowed to flow because, as soon as the electrons start colliding with the ions in the wire, the wire gains internal energy. Thus, it seems that, as soon as the power was switched on, the wire began to heat up, however slightly. Thus, whilst the temperature rise was kept as negligible as possible by leaving the power switched on for the minimum possible time, it seems that the temperature would have risen and this factor may have affected the results. Meters, the ammeter and voltmeter used measured the current and volt across the wire to the degree of one hundredth of an amp and volt, respectively i. e. the current and voltage measurements may be inaccurate by the degree of up to, one hundredth of an amp/volt. Similarly the resistance values calculated from the current and voltage measurements may be slightly inaccurate. Contact with crocodile clips, this factor may have affected the accuracy of the results, but this is extremely unlikely as it was ensured that the crocodile clips made definite contact with the wire being used as a resistor. These factors may have produced extremely slight inaccuracies and the results were only slight inaccurate and so it seems that the minor inaccuracies that the above factors may have caused may have caused the results in the investigation to be slightly inaccurate. Further work in the experiment could be to find the resistance of the Constantan wire used in the experiment. To find the resistance of the wire we need the two equations below, which were found from extra research. The equations tell us that the resistance of a wire is: i) Directly proportional to its length (L) i. e. R ? L ii) Inversely proportional to its cross-section area (A) i. e. R ? 1/A Combining the two statements we get: R ? L x 1/A The above can then be written as an equation if we insert a constant: Therefore, R = x L/AÃ'Ž Where x is a constant called the resistance of the material (for a fixed temperature and other physical conditions). The resistance of a material is numerically the resistance of a sample of unit length and unit cross-section area, at a certain temperature. To find x we can rearrange the equation R = x L/A to get x = AR/L. Thus, to find the resistance (x) of the Constantan wire used in this experiment we must substitute for A, R and L in the equation x = AR/L. The wire being used in the investigation should have a uniform cross-sectional area, but, to confirm this, the diameter of the wire can be measured using a micrometer. In this investigation the diameter of the wire was 0. 02mm and so the cross-sectional area of the wire can be estimated, by assuming the wires cross-section is circular, using the equation: Cross-sectional area = ? r2 Where r is the radius of the circular cross-sectional area, which is half of the diameter Other ways to further the experiment would be to use wires made from different materials to find differences in resistance that each wire produced. It could then be decided which of the wires was the best conductor. Cross-sectional area could also be investigated, if the experiment was furthered, and it could be investigated whether the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. To investigate the effect of cross-sectional area on resistance of similar wires (i. e. wires of the same length, material, etc. ) with different cross-sectional areas will be used. The effect of temperature on a wire could also be investigated. I believe that the experiment was performed successfully and that the results obtained were accurate. The predictions that were made were also confirmed by the results and the wire obeyed the rules that it was expected to. This experiment we can confirm that the resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the wires length. Tarique Sabah Physics Coursework Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

The Minimum Wage Debate Essay Example for Free

The Minimum Wage Debate Essay Minimum wage laws set legal minimums for the hourly wage paid to certain groups of workers (Gorman). Minimum wage laws were invented in Australia and New Zealand with the purpose of guaranteeing a minimum standard of living for unskilled workers. In the United States, workers are generally entitled to be paid no less than the statutory minimum wage. In the United States, amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act have increased the federal minimum wage from $.25 in 1938 to $7.25 in 2013. Some states and municipalities have set minimum wage levels higher than the federal level, with the highest state minimum wage being . 19 per hour in Washington State as of 2013 (Wikipedia). President Barack Obama’s call for increasing the minimum wage during his State of the Union address has renewed debate among policy experts, politicians and economists, who argue that if enacted the proposal could either drive up unemployment or create more stability for America’s poor. President Obama wants to increase the minimum wage from its current $7.25 to $9.00 an hour, which he said would reduce the number of people in America who work full time but who live in poverty. President Obama states â€Å"this single step would raise the incomes of millions of working families; it could mean the difference between groceries or the food bank; rent or eviction; scraping by or finally getting ahead. For businesses across the country, it would mean customers with more money in their pockets† (White, 2013). This paper will examine President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage by evaluating the history of the minimum wage, the people affected by the minimum wage, the economic way of thinking, and the writer’s perspective of the debate. In conclusion, this paper will provide an alternative to President Obama’s call for an increase in the minimum wage. - The Minimum Wage The minimum wage has a strong social appeal, rooted in concern about the ability of markets to provide income equity for the least able members of the work force. The obvious solution to this concern is to redefine the wage structure politically to achieve a socially preferable distribution of income. Thus, minimum wage laws have usually been judged against the criterion reducing poverty (Wikipedia). Minimum wage laws were also proposed as way to control the increase the spread of sweat shops in manufacturing industries. Sweat shops employed large number of women and young workers, paying them substandard wages. The sweatshop owners were thought to have unfair bargaining power over their workers, and a minimum wage was proposed as a means to make them pay their workers fairly. Eventually, the focus changed to helping people, become more self-sufficient. Today, minimum wage laws affect workers in most low-paid fields of employment (Wikipedia, 2013). There is great disagreement as to whether the minimum wage is effective in attaining its goals. From the time of their introduction, minimum wage laws have been controversial politically, and have received much less support from economists than from the general public. Despite decades of experience and economic research, debates about the costs and benefits of minimum wages continue today. - Literature Review Researching the minimum wage resulted in an abundance of scholarly reviews as well as opinionated news articles which provided the pros and cons of the minimum wage increase proposed by President Obama in his State of Union Address. David Neumark and William Wascher evaluates the effects of the â€Å"Minimum Wage and Employment† states there is a wide range of existing estimates and, accordingly, a lack of consensus about the overall effects on low-wage employment of an increase in the minimum wage. However, the oft-stated assertion that recent research fails to support the traditional review that the minimum wage reduces the employment of low-wage employment of low-wage employment is clearly incorrect. They characterize economist in the debate as those economists who claimed the low-wage labor market at the time as â€Å"marginalists† and those who claimed that it was not as â€Å"institutionalists† (Wascher, 2006). Their findings resulted in studies that provide evidence of positive employment effects of minimum wage, especially from those studies that focus on the broader groups (rather than a narrow industry) for which the competitive model predicts disemployment effects. They also found that studies that focus on the least-skilled groups provide relatively overwhelming evidence of stronger disemployment effects for these groups. Also, John Schmitt reviews evidence on eleven possible adjustments to minimum-wage increases that may help to explain why the measured employment effects are so consistently small. He states that the most important channels of adjustment are: reductions in labor turnover; improvements in organizational efficiency; reductions in wages of higher earners; and small price increases. His report found that little or no employment response to modest increase in the minimum wage and evidence on a range of possible adjustments to minimum-wage increases that may help to explain why the measured employment effects are so consistently small (Schmitt, 2013). As mentioned, online articles from Newsweek, Wikipedia, and Deseret News provided background information as well as opinions that determined the direction in which the writers would approach in this paper. - The people affected by the Minimum Wage Minimum wage workers tend to be young. Although workers under age 25 represented only about one-fifth of hourly paid workers, they made up half of those paid the federal minimum wage or less. Among employed teenagers paid by the hour, about 21 percent earned the minimum wage or less, compared with about 3 percent of workers age 25 and over (See Table I). About 6 percent of women paid hourly rates had wages at or below the prevailing federal minimum, compared with about 3 percent of men. (Of minimum wage earners overall, 67 percent are women, and 33 percent are men). The percentage of workers earning the minimum wage did not vary much across the major race and ethnicity groups. About 5 percent of white, black, and Hispanic hourly-paid workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among Asian hourly paid workers, about3 percent earned the minimum wage or less. Among hourly paid workers age 16 and over, about 10 percent of those who had less than a high school diploma earned the federal minimum wage or less, compared with about 4 percent of those who had a high school diploma (with no college) and about 2 percent of college graduates. Part-time workers (persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week) were more likely than their full-time counterparts to be paid the federal minimum wage or less (about 11 percent versus about 2 percent). About 7 in 10 workers earning the minimum wage or less in 2012 were employed in service occupations, mostly in food preparation and serving related jobs. Among the states, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennes see and Oklahoma had the highest proportions of hourly-paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage (about 6 percent). The percentage of workers earning at or below the Federal minimum wage was lowest (1 percent or less) in Alaska, California and Oregon (Rampell, 2009). Table 1. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2012 annual averages| Characteristic| Number of workers (in thousands)| Percent distribution| Percent of workers paid hourly rates| | Total paid hourly rates| At or below minimum wage| Total paid hourly rates| At or below minimum wage| At or below minimum wage| | | Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| | Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| AGE AND SEX| | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over| 75,276| 3,550| 1,566| 1,984| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 4.7| 2.1| 2.6| 16 to 24 years| 14,909| 1,797| 862| 935| 19.8| 50.6| 55.0| 47.1| 12.1| 5.8| 6.3| 16 to 19 years| 4,044| 854| 484| 370| 5.4| 24.1| 30.9| 18.6| 21.1| 12.0| 9.1| 25 years and over| 60,367| 1,753| 704| 1,049| 80.2| 49.4| 45.0| 52.9| 2.9| 1.2| 1.7| Men, 16 years and over| 37,113| 1,263| 567| 696| 49.3| 35.6| 36.2| 35.1| 3.4| 1.5| 1.9| 16 to 24 years| 7,454| 673| 333| 340| 9.9| 19.0| 21.3| 17.1| 9.0| 4.5| 4.6| 16 to 19 years| 1,922| 366| 207| 159| 2.6| 10.3| 13.2| 8.0| 19.0| 10.8| 8.3| 25 years and over| 29,659| 591| 235| 356| 39.4| 16.6| 15.0| 17.9| 2.0| 0.8| 1.2| Women, 16 years and over| 38,163| 2,287| 999| 1,288| 50.7| 64.4| 63.8| 64.9| 6.0| 2.6| 3.4| 16 to 24 years| 7,455| 1,124| 529| 595| 9.9| 31.7| 33.8| 30.0| 15.1| 7.1| 8.0| 16 to 19 years| 2,122| 489| 278| 211| 2.8| 13.8| 17.8| 10.6| 23.0| 13.1| 9.9| 25 years and over| 30,708| 1,163| 470| 693| 40.8| 32.8| 30.0| 34.9| 3.8| 1.5| 2.3| RA CE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY| | | | | | | | | | | | White (1)| 59,180| 2,760| 1,185| 1,575| 78.6| 77.7| 75.7| 79.4| 4.7| 2.0| 2.7| Men| 29,691| 984| 444| 540| 39.4| 27.7| 28.4| 27.2| 3.3| 1.5| 1.8| Women| 29,490| 1,776| 741| 1,035| 39.2| 50.0| 47.3| 52.2| 6.0| 2.5| 3.5| Black or African American (1)| 10,049| 533| 277| 256| 13.3| 15.0| 17.7| 12.9| 5.3| 2.8| 2.5| Men| 4,522| 183| 85| 98| 6.0| 5.2| 5.4| 4.9| 4.0| 1.9| 2.2| Women| 5,527| 350| 193| 157| 7.3| 9.9| 12.3| 7.9| 6.3| 3.5| 2.8| Asian (1)| 3,403| 117| 48| 69| 4.5| 3.3| 3.1| 3.5| 3.4| 1.4| 2.0| Men| 1,568| 39| 16| 23| 2.1| 1.1| 1.0| 1.2| 2.5| 1.0| 1.5| Women| 1,835| 78| 32| 46| 2.4| 2.2| 2.0| 2.3| 4.3| 1.7| 2.5| Hispanic or Latino (1)| 14,404| 718| 337| 381| 19.1| 20.2| 21.5| 19.2| 5.0| 2.3| 2.6| Men| 8,114| 295| 127| 168| 10.8| 8.3| 8.1| 8.5| 3.6| 1.6| 2.1| Women| 6,290| 423| 210| 213| 8.4| 11.9| 13.4| 10.7| 6.7| 3.3| 3.4| FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS| | | | | | | | | | | | Full-time workers (2)| 54,745| 1,261| 501| 760| 72.7| 35.5| 32.0| 38.3| 2.3| 0.9| 1.4| Men| 30,052| 491| 197| 294| 39.9| 13.8| 12.6| 14.8| 1.6| 0.7| 1.0| Women| 24,693| 770| 304| 466| 32.8| 21.7| 19.4| 23.5| 3.1| 1.2| 1.9| Part-time workers (2)| 20,411| 2,286| 1,063| 1,223| 27.1| 64.4| 67.9| 61.6| 11.2| 5.2| 6.0| Men| 6,998| 772| 370| 402| 9.3| 21.7| 23.6| 20.3| 11.0| 5.3| 5.7| Women| 13,413| 1,513| 693| 820| 17.8| 42.6| 44.3| 41.3| 11.3| 5.2| 6.1| Footnotes: (1) Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. (2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.| NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated (U. S. D. o. Labor, 2013). - Economic Thinking When considering the debate about President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage, it can be framed around select guideposts of economic thinking. The first guidepost that can be applied to the minimum wage debate is â€Å"beware of the secondary effects: economic actions often generate indirect as well as direct effects† (Gwartney, 2013). The direct, immediate effect of increasing the minimum wage is an intended one, but secondary effects, or unintended consequences also present themselves. The law of demand states that the quantity demanded will decrease as the price of the good increases, with all other variables holding steady at constant. In this case, according to the law of demand, an increase in the price of labor, the minimum wage, will cause a decrease in the amount of available positions in the job market. The higher minimum wage will draw more workers into the market, but simultaneously, the higher price of labor will cause employers to offer less employment opportunities for lower skilled workers. Opponents of this viewpoint argue that an increase in the minimum wage will have a more positive secondary effect: $18 billion injected into the economy, along with 100,000 new jobs by 2015, supporting economic growth (White, 2013). President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage appeals to a moral sense; people prefer to see fairness in the job market when it comes to wages. The conservative side of the argument echoes the law of demand. The true test of an economic theory is its ability to accurately predict, another guidepost of economic thinking. The law of demand is a strong one, but considering the changes in other economic variables, it cannot be considered absolute. In New Jersey, the number of fast food jobs actually increased after an 18 percent increase in the minimum wage was instituted (White, 2013). - 2 Sides of the Debate (the writers’ perspective) Increases in the minimum wage have consistently fallen behind inflation, so that in real terms the minimum wage is substantially lower than it was in the 1960s. Meanwhile, worker productivity has doubled. If the current minimum wage seems low, raising it would cost jobs. But there’s evidence on that question. And while there are dissenters, the great preponderance of the evidence points to little if any negative effect of minimum wage increases on employment (Krugman, 2013). It is also important to understand how the minimum wage interacts with other policies aimed at helping lower-paid workers, in particular the earned-income tax credit. The tax credit is also good policy. But it has a well-known defect, some of its benefits end up flowing not to workers but to employers, in the form of lower wages. And guess what? An increase in the minimum wage helps correct this defect. It turns out that the tax credit and the minimum wage aren’t competing policies; they are complem entary policies that work best in tandem (Krugman, 2013). President Obama’s wage proposal is good economics. It is also good politics; a wage increase is supported by an overwhelming majority of voters. Yet G.O.P. leaders in Congress are opposed to any rise. Why? They say that they’re concerned about the people who might lose their jobs, never mind the evidence that this won’t actually happen. We will learn that an increase in wages will restore strength to the economy. We will see room that even more increases in wages will improve the economy. Social costs of labor will be better covered and the economy will work better. The US economy is a mature economy, and that means that labor needs to be paid more of the % of national income as real GDP increases. The real job creators are the bottom 90 percent, including those right at the bottom who would benefit from a minimum wageconsumers, those who spend nearly all of their income on real goods and services and hoard very little of it. And truth be told, without spending there are no sales; without sales there are no profits; without profits there is no demand for workers; without demand for workers there is no job creation; and without job creation there is no recovery. Overall raising the minimum would help some family live a little better and not stress as much with paying for food and utilities. It will help build a sense of pride and self-esteem†¦ after all is this not the land of opportunity (Krugman, 2013). The minimum wage makes it harder for unskilled workers to gain the labor market experience and on-the-job training that would raise their productivity and future pay. Unskilled workers are less attractive with a higher minimum wage because they produce less per hour and th eir hiring diverts more senior workers from revenue producing activities to training and supervision (Shemkus 2011). Firms will only invest in human capital if they expect to receive a return on their investment. Firms will not pay for general skills if workers are likely to leave before firms recoup their investment costs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that 69% of jobs started by workers age 18 to 24 last less than a year. Turnover is even higher for teen age workers. Young workers must therefore pay for the general (often informal) training they receive by accepting a lower wage (Shemkus, 2011). The good news is that once these workers have some experience and training they can command a higher wage. A higher minimum wage encourages firms to hire already trained and experienced workers, eliminates some opportunities for experience and training, and puts an even bigger burden on our vocational schools to train unskilled workers. The effects on employment rates would be exactly the opposite of those supporters foresee. A higher minimum wage, they claim, would be too heavy a burden on employers, especially small business owners. And those employers, in turn, would be unable to hire as many people an undesirable result when unemployment continues to hover at about 8 percent (Shemkus, 2011). When legislators raise the price of low and unskilled labor, it is usually low- and unskilled laborers who end up paying the price, increasing the minimum wage has not proven to be effective at lowering the poverty rate. Multiple studies have demonstrated little to no relationship between a higher minimum wage and reductions in poverty. So it looks like the minimum wage will probably be staying right where it is for some time to come (Shemkus, 2011). - Conclusion In conclusion, the writers’ personally support the President’s call to increase the minimum wage to $9 per hour. However, the writers’ must realistically look at both sides of the debate and recommend an alternative that will ease the minds of US citizens, politicians, and economists (on both sides of the debate). We recommend continuing to allow individual cities and states to mandate the minimum wage deemed necessary for the citizens of their jurisdiction. The Department of Labor states that there are 4 states that have a minimum wage set lower than the federal minimum wage and 19 states (plus DC) with minimum wage rates set higher than the federal minimum wage. There are 22 of the states that have a minimum wage requirement that is the same as the federal minimum wage requirement. The remaining states do not have an established minimum wage requirement (D. O. Labor, 2013). With this said, the Federal minimum wage law will always supersede state minimum wages w here the federal law minimum wage is greater than the state minimum wage. In those states where the state minimum wage is greater than the federal minimum wage, the state minimum wage prevails (D. O. Labor, 2013). This recommendation would protect the minimum wage employees in less than statutory minimum wage states, while granting the federal government a reprieve until the economy get back on its feet. Along the same line, the writers’ also recommend allowing states to regulate their citizen’s minimum wage, the minimum wage would be linked to a consumer price index. This linkage would increase the minimum wage each year. Currently, there are 10 states (AZ, CO, FL, MO, MT, NV, OH, OR, VT, and WA) which already have this recommendation in place (D. O. Labor, 2013). The economy in these states has not been affected by the increase each year. Employees earn enough to live on in their prospective state and the employer’s bottom line is not affected because their charges for products or services are also increased due to inflation. - References Gorman, Linda.). Minimum Wages. Retrieved April 4, 2013, 2013, from http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/printcee.pl Labor, Department Of. (2013). United States Department Of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm Labor, United States Department of. (2013). Characteristics Of Minimum Wage Workers: 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2012.htm Rampell, Catherine. (2009). Who is affected by a higher minimum wage? Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/who-is-affected-by-todays-minimum-wage-hike/ Schmitt, John. (2013). Why Does the Mininmum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment? (pp. 2-24): Center for Economic and Policy Research. Wascher, David Neumark and William. (2006). Minimum Wages And Employment: A Review Of Eveidence From the New Minimum Wage Research. National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 12663, 2-432. White, Mercedes. (20 13). The great minimum wage debate: how Obamas proposal to increase the minimum wage will impact the economy. Retrieved March 27, 2013, from http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865573603/The-great-minimum-wage-debate-how Wikipedia.). Minimum wage in the United States. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States Wikipedia. (2013). Minimum Wage. Retrieved April 14, 2013, 2013, from

Coaching Theoretical Principles And Models Physical Education Essay

Coaching Theoretical Principles And Models Physical Education Essay Coaching is a multi-disciplinary science, enabling the production of a strategy to enhance performance effectively by co-ordinating fundamental features. The coach is required to develop an athletes physical/technical/tactical skills. They should be able to enhance an individuals psychological/theoretical knowledge/ of a particular sport. As suggested by Bompa(1994), the optimisation of these factors is important to an athletes readiness for competition. The coach should treat each individual athlete as unique and plan training accordingly. As confirmed by Russhall(1985), the principle of training is one of seven principles of coaching. Additionally, Cross(1999), suggests individualisation is a vital component of the coaching process. The majority of coaches would consider individual athletes in their charge to be unique. Savage et al(1981) produced research data that highlighted all athletes are physiologically unique. As suggested by RushellPike(1990);Cross(1999) they will have dif ferent physiological characteristics, psychological traits and social lifestyles. The findings of McGowan et al(1990) concludes that some individualisation occurred in the training of the 1984 united states volleyball team, indicating once again the importance of identifying these traits in coaching. Therefore, coaches will obviously have to accommodate the differing needs of individual athletes, operating within a variety of environments and encountering constraints such as numerous athletes at any one time. Subsequently, these constraints may affect the overall efficacy of the coaching. As supported by Lyle(1997), each coaching process is unique for a number of reasons, an athletes differing aspirations, capabilities, personal circumstances, resources, organisational/occupational conditions within which the coach operates. As a result of various coaching demands, coaches should be able to apply numerous strategies to deal with varying situations, applying relevant experience. This aspect has been studied by Cox Noble(1989);Gould,Gianni,KraneHodge(1990), in order to obtain a clearer understanding of coaching demands, investigators have requested information from coaches about their attitudes towards coaching/adequacy of educational background/needs. In general, the studies suggest coaches face changing demands and that their educational capabilities are not clearly defined. Further studies, as suggested by Gould,Hodge,PetersonGianni(1989);Weinberg,GroveJackson(1992), identified that mental strength, positive attitude, motivation and concentration were the most important attributes needing to be addressed by coaches in order to develop an individual athletes overall skills/success. Coaching can be defined as a beneficial factor to improve competitive sports performance via a detailed planned programme of preparation/competition, Lyle (1999). This aspect, needs input from a variety of specialists in order to maintain effective coaching behaviour contributions, an athletes development may also need to be monitored. Dependent on the requirements of a particular sport, these areas may include technique/skill learning. Other factors to be considered are physiology, psychology, theoretical knowledge of a particular sport, lifestyle management to include time-management/tactics. Coaches will also be required to address the difference between the varying factors, which include the type of sport i.e. team/individual, age/gender, as some female athletes may be susceptible to certain traits such as eating disorders. There are other relevant principles for the coach to consider, some of which may be in depth. These include issues such as law, ethics, mentoring techniques, communication, detraining, injuries/overtraining and environmental safety in which the athletes perform. As suggested by Sherman Sands(1996), the principle consequence requests coaches to deliberate the potential findings, for example injury, may occur following immense training programmes. Smith,SmollHunt(1977) utilised The Coaching Behaviour Assessment (CBAS) to undertake studies to examine the impact a coachs influence may have psychologically on youngsters through sport. Subsequently, studies using this technique or an adapted version do according to AllenHowe(1998);BlackWeiss (1992) illustrates coaching behaviours do have significant influence on an athletes psychological profile. They clearly affect self-esteem, capabilities and overall fulfilment. In relation to data obtained for the CBAS, SmollSmith(1984;1989), a proposed model to study coaching behaviours in youth sport was developed. The model actually specifies in addition to the individual coach, athlete/environment that coach behaviour is influenced by player perception/recall and the ability of the coach to evaluate reactions. Furthermore, observations of a players attitude/mood state is particularly important. Subsequently, leadership style is an important factor as it enhances an individual athletes confidence and creates a quality social environment in which to learn. If a coach is able to provide effective social support for an athlete it illustrates that there is a good understanding of resources available to assist with various demands in competitive sport. If handled correctly these problems can be addressed through team building/education. Consequently, coaches will need to be flexible in order to influence an athletes perception of control. If for example, a coach adopts a collaborative style and uses it effectively, one would be able to develop confidence to achieve shared goals, helping to provide contingent reinforcement and informative feedback. The introduction of the Multidimensional Model of Leadership, Chellandurai (1984;1993) implemented a large quantity of coaching effectiveness studies. The main component of this model identifies three types of behaviour in coaches, those preferred by athletes, actual/required behaviour. These are influenced by three precedent variables, the characteristics of the coach/athletes, together with the actual situation. Subsequently, The Leadership Scale for Sport(LSS) was developed by ChellanduraiSaleh(1980) to test the specified relationship in the multidimensional model and whether it is applicable in predicating leadership effectiveness in sport. This method has been utilised extensively in sport to assess the influence of gender, age, or personality on preferred/perceived leadership. Age is key factor when planning, as it has a tremendous bearing on optimal training loads. As suggested by Hagger(1999), it is critical that coaches recognise that biological age is more relevant when pla nning training loads than chronological age. According to RushallPike (1990), athletes may respond differently to the physical environment, therefore, coaches must be able to modify training programmes to suit an individual athletes tolerance. However, as suggested by Fairs(1987), this model also has limitations that accompany a model for coaching. Lyle(1999),also suggests that difficulties may occur in a model of this type when put into practice, as its assumptions may not match existing parameters. Therefore, Cote et al(1995) devised a model of coaching with the advantage of empirical based research. This model does have similarities to the multidimensional model in that it recognises both personal characteristics and contextual factors of the coach/athlete. However, Cote et al(1995) developed this model further by adding a group of central components to include competition, training/organisation. Furthermore, a lack of theoretical structures outlining the key variables affecting the work of coaches has been identified as a critical issue lacking research. The theoretical structures proposed by SmollSmith(1984;1989);Chelladurai(1984;1993) Cote,Salmela,Trudel et al(1995) share common variables. However, they do not provide a complete account of all points affecting the coaching process. Thomas (1992) suggests by providing an account of the most important issues in the coaching process, identifying a base for establishing a general theory of coaching is achievable. In order to accomplish this goal a more comprehensive framework is required, therefore, the Coaching Model(CM) is utilised. The CM is able to recognise theoretical knowledge of coaching and incorporates six components, namely competition, organisation, training, coaches/athletes personal characteristics/ background. A cognitive approach in organising these components and their actual relationship is used to describe h ow coaches proceed to obtain their objectives of an athletes development. In general, a coach should be able to evaluate their own personal attributes and the individual athletes characteristics to establish an estimation of an athletes potential. This mental model can then be used as a tool to illustrate what types of knowledge/behaviours are essential for competition, organisation skills and training regimes. Identifying objectives can be assisted by the use of The Objectives Model, Fairs(1987), with the use of a simplistic five-step objectives model of coaching, to include the collection of data, diagnosis, planning, execution and evaluation. The fourth step, execution, is important as this provides the plan of action and at this stage the coach needs to be acquainted with the athletes overall ability. The final step, evaluation is another key point, this being when the coach needs to critically appraise the effectiveness of the coaching by assessing whether the set objectives were actually achieved. This method is founded on the understanding of the coaching process being orderly and based on a problem solving approach. If for example, the plan of action is unsuccessful, any problems need to be identified through reassessment and a revised plan prepared, as situations are currently changing. Therefore, this model is a useful tool for the education/training of coaches. Fairs(1987) suggests that a major role of the coach is to be able to recognise and solve an athletes problems and establish a scientific foundation for the method to assist in coaching, attaining a status as an independent profession. However, although simplistic in nature it does have some disadvantages, being a little limited, as suggested by Lyle(1999), this model fails to consider long-term planning, complexity o f performance and interpersonal nature of coaching relationship. Individuals drive the coaching process. Fairs(1987) suggests the method fails to appreciate the inconsistencies within this predictive model. Obviously, it is difficult for a coach to mentally maintain an athletes potential in their mind but they should be able to retain a mental representation of an athlete, images or assumptions. These models enable the coach to interact with the athlete to determine what course of action to undertake and how to behave with a particular athlete. They may consist of generalisations or complex theories. Therefore, two coaches with different mental models working with similar athletes may be able to identify various details and this information will help provide effective coaching, as they look at each situation differently. As suggested by Dishman(1983) sport psychology may suffer from an identity crisis. However, it is a noted tool to provide athletes/coaches with the required mental skills to manage the demands within training/competition, helping them to reach their full potential. FeltzKontos(2002) describes sport psychology as the study of peoples behaviour/thoughts in a sporting context. The model of Cote et al(1995) is a valuable example in this respect, as it is derived from empirical data. Within this model the prioritising of the coaching process components is important and it is evident there are significant limitations in the degree to which teaching paradigm conceptualisations of coaching adequately represent its complexity. The distinction between core/peripheral process fundamentals is similar to the distinction between direct/support intervention/ constraints management. However, the most interesting contribution is the centralisation in the model of the coaches mental mode of athlete potential. Whereas, Franks(1986), set out to propose a means of assessing the effectiveness of coaching. Although, again the focus being on direct intervention, providing the model with an episodic importance centred on skill development. One key issue of this model is the recognition of performance criteria and its use to regulate progression. Vital issues, such as performanc e are identified in a quantitative fashion both in training/competition, training being focused around incremental/differential improvements over time. With the use of continuous evaluation it is suggestive that this model would be most suited to league sports, where there is a regular cycle of preparation/competition, and performance is complex and not vulnerable to complete measurement. Therefore, the objective for a coach is to understand the value of psychological knowledge and provide theoretical context for application within a particular sport. They should be able to offer an athlete with a sense of control in an environment that promotes personal perceptions of competence and the opportunity to set goals and judge performance against realistic objectives. Coaches should allow athletes to gain confidence by achievement/personal management, together with social interaction. They should attempt to manage anxiety at an environmental/organisational level. Coaches should perhaps try to incorporate an element of fun into their training regimes. As suggested by GilbertTrudel(2004), fun is considered a key component, however, if an athlete displays any unacceptable behaviour they would undoubtedly be disciplined. Lifestyle variations will affect athletes, and coaches will need to take into account underlying stress problems. Anxiety can change in intensity/frequency and may be detrimental to performance. As stated by Hanton et al(2004);Thomas et al(2004), findings suggest that athletes can alter the way they view their mental status during lead-up to performance. Therefore, coaches need to identify and address this problem by integrating psychological skills such as goal-setting/cognitive restructuring seven days pre-competition. A positive motivational climate is another key factor in sports coaching. It refers to personality traits, social variables and is fundamental in competition. As suggested by Kingston et al(2006), the personal drive that leads individuals to innate, direct and sustain human behaviour. It can be viewed from various points, self-determination theory, DeciRyan(1985) and achievement goal theory Nicholls(1989). Both of these theories emphasise how an individual perceives certain social factors and apply themselves, both physically and quantitatively to an activity. The self-determination theory is based on the fact that individuals have a tendency towards psychological development. As suggested by DeciRyan(1985), three universal psychological needs are fundamental to motivation and mental well-being. The achievement goal theory has become one of the most popular approaches when researching motivation in sports coaching. According to Nicholls(1989) an individuals perceived competence is central to determining motivation when partaking in a coaching exercise. Confidence in sport is important too, and two approaches are relevant to the coaching process, self-efficacy Bandura(1977) and sport-confidence, Vealey,(1986;2001). Banduras(1977), self-efficacy theory is concerned with an athletes perceived ability to perform specific sports skills at a given time. This theory indicates that self-efficacy will predict performance if the athlete feels appropriate skill levels/incentives are present, thereby making it a good indicator in the coaching process. As there are obvious limitations to this theory, Vealey(1986) proposed a sport specific model of confidence. This model indicates that self-regulation;achievement and social climate are true predictors of performance through their impact on effect, behaviour and cognition. It also takes into account the indirect influence of gender, age and personality together with social and organisational factors of the development and maintance of sporting-confidence. As suggested by Vealey(2001), self-regulation is the management of ones behaviours, thoughts and feelings provide a further domain, which the coach can use to strive to foster performers confidence. Coaches should also be able to identify/analyse an athletes personality traits and work capability to find their optimum tolerance effort according to Bompa(1999). This evidence should help assist the coach in the decision making process in regards to relevant training loads. However, it should be considered that there is a limit to the physiological, anatomical development that can be achieved through training. This is confirmed by Costill et al(1992), in which suggests this is a factor probably determined by genetics. Obviously, athletes may have varying abilities with regards to strength, endurance, co-ordination and timing as a consequence of genetic/physiological development, which will play an important role the planning of coaching. In conclusion, when a coach is planning an optimal training programme individualisation is a key concept to be considered. As discussed, athletes are unique both physiological/psychologically, are able to tolerate varying environments and training regimes, together with competition goals. Therefore, the role of the coach is to direct, manage and apply relevant theories in order for them and athletes under their control to achieve their objectives and reap the rewards of success. As suggested by Fairs(1987), the intention of the model for coaching is to aid the coach in identifying/solving any problems the athlete may have whilst creating a scientific foundation in support of future research and the overall profession. The coaching process ought to be able to embrace the coach, athlete, form and nurture a good working relationship between them. To accomplish this, the coach needs to identify/enhance an athletes goals, aspirations and physical/mental abilities and apply them correctly taking into account the working environment. Once this is completed, the required intervention programme to include coordination and integration can be implemented by the coach in order to regulate progression, enhance overall performance and achieve set goals. The role of the coach, as suggested by Franks(1986), is a planner and manager of direct intervention.

Elections :: essays research papers

2000 election The two main candidates for the election of 2000 are George W. Bush and Al Gore. Al Gore, of course, being the current Vice President. I have never been into the whole politics game. But, know that I am 18 years old I feel I should start paying more attention to political issues. I don't know if I am going to vote this year, and if I did I don't know who I would vote for. I really don't know much about either canditate. All I know is that Gore is Vice President to Clinton, and we all know how most people feel about Clinton. In order for me to make a judgment on who I am going to vote for I would like to know where each canditate satnds on different political issues. Some of the issues I will be covering are abortion, crime, drugs, education, environment, and gun control. These are the issues I am most interested in, and I would like a president who agrees with me on a good portion of these issues. To start off, I am going to state where I stand on each of the isssues. I then will sat e where each presidential canditate stands on each issue. The first topic I would like to discuss is abortion. Abortion is kind of a big thing to me. I am one of those who is against abortion. I feel abortion is kind of like murder. I know it is easy for me to say that abortion is wrong, because I have never gotten a girl pregnant before. I understand that some tees make mistakes and want to correct those mistakes. But, I feel more people should stand up for their mistakes and take some action. Instead of having the baby aborted, the parents should put the child up for adoption. What if that kid was going to come up with a cure for cancer? I bet the parents would not want o abort the child then. Abortion is one area I agree with Bush. Bush wants to cut down the amount of abortions given out the whole year. Bush also wants to turn the choice of having abortions over to the state. Gore, on the other hand, wants to leave the choice in the woman's hand. He feels it is up to her to decid e whether or not to have an abortion.

Gene Therapy: the Danger of Enhancement Essay -- Science Medicine Ethi

Gene Therapy: the Danger of Enhancement I. Introduction Gene therapy has the potential to revolutionize modern medicine. The techniques of gene therapy are still in their infancy as medical treatments and there are still many problems which must be solved before gene therapy will live up to its potential. However, it is very likely that gene therapy will become a reality at some point in the future and when that time comes, the ethical questions surrounding gene therapy will be pushed to the forefront of medicine. Science may find a way to reduce the risks associated with gene therapy but science alone cannot eliminate the serious ethical and societal risks which gene therapy brings to bear on the world. We need to put people's fear about the dangers of altering the genetic makeup of human beings to rest by establishing ethical principles which clear the way for advancement in medical therapy. Ethical guidelines for gene therapy must be established which emphasize medical uses over uses for human enhancement. II. Concepts of Gene Therapy Gene therapy involves the transfer of genetic material into the cells of an organism in order to cause a specific protein to be produced or in order to cease the production of a specific protein. This procedure usually involves transferring a specific gene into host cells to be incorporated into the chromosomal DNA of the host and later to be expressed. However, according to Dorothy Bonn, the future of gene therapy may also include the use of antisense DNA strands to disrupt expression of a gene or the use of homologous recombination to alter host DNA (1996). In medical terms Jeffrey Leiden, M.D. (1995) defines gene therapy as, "the introduction and expression of recombinant genes in... ...Leiden, Jeffrey M. (1995, September 28). Gene therapy - promises and pitfalls." New England Journal of Medicine, pp. 871-872. Marshall, Eliot. (1995, December 15). Less hype, more biology needed for gene therapy. Science, p. 1751. Miller, Henry I. (1994, July 30). Gene therapy for enhancement. The Lancet, pp. 316-317. Nelkin, Dorothy. (1996, May-June). Genetics, god, and sacred DNA. Society, pp. 22- 25. Voelker, Rebecca. (1993, November 17). The genetic revolution: Despite perfection of elegant techniques, ethical answers still elusive. Journal of the American Medical Association, pp. 2273-2274. Wivel, Nelson A. and LeRoy Walters. (1993, October 22). Germ-line gene modifications and disease prevention: Some medical and ethical perspectives. Science, pp. 533-538. Wright, Richard T. (1989). Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. New York: HarperCollins. Gene Therapy: the Danger of Enhancement Essay -- Science Medicine Ethi Gene Therapy: the Danger of Enhancement I. Introduction Gene therapy has the potential to revolutionize modern medicine. The techniques of gene therapy are still in their infancy as medical treatments and there are still many problems which must be solved before gene therapy will live up to its potential. However, it is very likely that gene therapy will become a reality at some point in the future and when that time comes, the ethical questions surrounding gene therapy will be pushed to the forefront of medicine. Science may find a way to reduce the risks associated with gene therapy but science alone cannot eliminate the serious ethical and societal risks which gene therapy brings to bear on the world. We need to put people's fear about the dangers of altering the genetic makeup of human beings to rest by establishing ethical principles which clear the way for advancement in medical therapy. Ethical guidelines for gene therapy must be established which emphasize medical uses over uses for human enhancement. II. Concepts of Gene Therapy Gene therapy involves the transfer of genetic material into the cells of an organism in order to cause a specific protein to be produced or in order to cease the production of a specific protein. This procedure usually involves transferring a specific gene into host cells to be incorporated into the chromosomal DNA of the host and later to be expressed. However, according to Dorothy Bonn, the future of gene therapy may also include the use of antisense DNA strands to disrupt expression of a gene or the use of homologous recombination to alter host DNA (1996). In medical terms Jeffrey Leiden, M.D. (1995) defines gene therapy as, "the introduction and expression of recombinant genes in... ...Leiden, Jeffrey M. (1995, September 28). Gene therapy - promises and pitfalls." New England Journal of Medicine, pp. 871-872. Marshall, Eliot. (1995, December 15). Less hype, more biology needed for gene therapy. Science, p. 1751. Miller, Henry I. (1994, July 30). Gene therapy for enhancement. The Lancet, pp. 316-317. Nelkin, Dorothy. (1996, May-June). Genetics, god, and sacred DNA. Society, pp. 22- 25. Voelker, Rebecca. (1993, November 17). The genetic revolution: Despite perfection of elegant techniques, ethical answers still elusive. Journal of the American Medical Association, pp. 2273-2274. Wivel, Nelson A. and LeRoy Walters. (1993, October 22). Germ-line gene modifications and disease prevention: Some medical and ethical perspectives. Science, pp. 533-538. Wright, Richard T. (1989). Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. New York: HarperCollins.

Problems With the Mexican Health System Essay examples -- Popular Insu

According to Mexican citizens, the health care system needs further reform to improve the efficiency, availability, and quality of medical services provided to the uninsured. A major source of inconvenience in medical provision is the long wait for treatment. Patients with scheduled appointments, as well as those in emergency situations often have to wait hours for care, and it is an accepted fact for those with Popular Health Insurance that a medical consultation in a hospital would likely engage the entire day.Additionally, both Ordoà ±ez Ramà ­rez and Mercadao Juà ¡rez agree that subsequent reforms must be made to change the focus of medical treatment towards serious diseases such as cancer and diabetes, as they are prevalent in Mexican society and especially in women and children, and IRC (chronic renal failure), which cause high hospitalization and mortality rates throughout Mexico. "Reajustar el listado de enfermedades (CAUSES) y/o padecimientos que cubre el seguro popular ya que muchos de ellos no se encuentran bien distribuidos a fin de cubrir la mayorà ­a de las necesidades de la poblacià ³n mà ¡s necesitada, un ejemplo de ello serà ­a CHAN (cirrosis hepà ¡tica alcohà ³lico nutricional) que es una de las enfermedades en el listado omitiendo por ejemplo IRC (insuficiencia renal crà ³nica) que es uno de los padecimientos que tiene un alto à ­ndice de hospitalizaciones o mortalidad en la poblacià ³n mexicana." As firmly stated by Ordoà ±ez Ramà ­rez, reevaluation of the list of diseases covered by the Popular Insurance Program is a crucial step towards not only helping relieve poverty and exorbitant prices for medical treatment, but decreasing the death toll due to inaccessible or inadequate medical treatment. However, in conjunction to re... ...cala, Mexico. February 24, 2014. (Ordoà ±ez Ramà ­rez is a doctor, and the wife of a doctor as well.) Vance, Erik. "Mexico Chalks up Success in Health-Care Reforms." Nature. Accessed January 30, 2014. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11222. World Bank. 2008. Providing Subsidized Health Insurance to the Poor. Reaching the Poor with Health Services Mexico. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/01/9455844/providing-subsidized-health-insurance-poor à ¸ World Bank. 2010. Mexico. Reaching the Poor with Health Services Mexico. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://go.worldbank.org/IYG1NQVPU0 *Whyte, Sheila. Sheila Whyte to CBC News newsgroup, "How Mexico's Health System Works," May 4, 2009. Accessed January 30, 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/how-mexico-s-health-system-works-1.777348. Problems With the Mexican Health System Essay examples -- Popular Insu According to Mexican citizens, the health care system needs further reform to improve the efficiency, availability, and quality of medical services provided to the uninsured. A major source of inconvenience in medical provision is the long wait for treatment. Patients with scheduled appointments, as well as those in emergency situations often have to wait hours for care, and it is an accepted fact for those with Popular Health Insurance that a medical consultation in a hospital would likely engage the entire day.Additionally, both Ordoà ±ez Ramà ­rez and Mercadao Juà ¡rez agree that subsequent reforms must be made to change the focus of medical treatment towards serious diseases such as cancer and diabetes, as they are prevalent in Mexican society and especially in women and children, and IRC (chronic renal failure), which cause high hospitalization and mortality rates throughout Mexico. "Reajustar el listado de enfermedades (CAUSES) y/o padecimientos que cubre el seguro popular ya que muchos de ellos no se encuentran bien distribuidos a fin de cubrir la mayorà ­a de las necesidades de la poblacià ³n mà ¡s necesitada, un ejemplo de ello serà ­a CHAN (cirrosis hepà ¡tica alcohà ³lico nutricional) que es una de las enfermedades en el listado omitiendo por ejemplo IRC (insuficiencia renal crà ³nica) que es uno de los padecimientos que tiene un alto à ­ndice de hospitalizaciones o mortalidad en la poblacià ³n mexicana." As firmly stated by Ordoà ±ez Ramà ­rez, reevaluation of the list of diseases covered by the Popular Insurance Program is a crucial step towards not only helping relieve poverty and exorbitant prices for medical treatment, but decreasing the death toll due to inaccessible or inadequate medical treatment. However, in conjunction to re... ...cala, Mexico. February 24, 2014. (Ordoà ±ez Ramà ­rez is a doctor, and the wife of a doctor as well.) Vance, Erik. "Mexico Chalks up Success in Health-Care Reforms." Nature. Accessed January 30, 2014. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11222. World Bank. 2008. Providing Subsidized Health Insurance to the Poor. Reaching the Poor with Health Services Mexico. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/01/9455844/providing-subsidized-health-insurance-poor à ¸ World Bank. 2010. Mexico. Reaching the Poor with Health Services Mexico. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://go.worldbank.org/IYG1NQVPU0 *Whyte, Sheila. Sheila Whyte to CBC News newsgroup, "How Mexico's Health System Works," May 4, 2009. Accessed January 30, 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/how-mexico-s-health-system-works-1.777348.