Students on the Internet Essay Example for Free

Students on the Internet EssayThe internet is a very resourceful and useful tool for high school students. With the internet students brush aside access information from any computer with internet access, convert data and use a large variety of online resources that are in more depth than high school text books.Information resources such(prenominal) as web sites and online Libraries can be accessed from any computer, with internet access. A computer with internet access can go online to a website that a student may have access at home or at school. With a student being able to access web sites and online resources at their own discretion, research for projects can be done at a students own pace. at a time that research can be done at home and both school a student can go into more depth with their work, callable to more time of research.The internet can also be used to transfer data to and from school, and also with other students and peers. Programs such as online messeng ers and e-mails can be used to communicate. Communication that is done over the internet is very fast and unlike the telephone can be used to transfer data such as work done on the computer. The quality of transferred data is in the same shape as it was when it was sent to another computer. With students being able to transfer data quickly and reliably with each other, they will be able to work with positive in croups.There are large numbers of resources that can be found on the internet, these resources are often in more depth than a high school text book. When a internet user goes online to a search engine such as google and types in a topic thousands of links relevant web sites show up. With all of these resources forthcoming the summation of information that a student can use is endless and in more depth than high school textbooks. With a large number of in depth resources on the internet a student can achieve a grade of high standards.With the internet as a fast safe and sa fe resource at a students disposal, the input and information in a students homework and assignmentswith be of great quality, filled with information. The number of great tools and possibilities available to students on the internet is endless and should be used by every one.

Technology and Social Interaction Essay Example for Free

Technology and complaisant Interaction EssayThroughout the years technology has gotten much and more advanced. The better the technology the easier it is for people to stay committed with each other. There are so many counsels to contact a person now. You can call/text, email, or hitherto video chat. Social Interaction is getting much better in todays world of technology. In the past 15 years, the Internet has transitioned from a medium thats interacted with strictly though desktop computers in homes, offices and computer labs to one that a growing number of people take with them everywhere they go. Whether via laptops, ever-evolving mobile phone devices or through Internet- machine-accessible workstations in the office and at home, many are online all the time. (Margolis) The cell phone has really improved over the past few decades. It utilize to look like a giant brick, but now they seem to be getting smaller and smaller. Cell Phones can basically do anything such(prenomin al) as call people, text message them, or til now out go on the Internet. It is very easy to get into contact with people these days because or so everyone has a cell phone.The Pew Research Center found that half of American teenagers defined in the study as ages 12 through 17 send 50 or more text messages a day and that one third send more than 100 a day (STOUT) They even have games on cell phones that people play against other people around the world. Computers have in any case improved drastically over the decades. Almost everyone has a computer or access to one, which means they most likely have an email account. Emails and instant messages are one of the best ways to stay connected with others.Peer networking sites and instant messaging brings people geographically removed from one another into each others lives more casually, making it a occasional interactive stream (Margolis). Facebook is one of the most popular social networks on the Internet and keeps everyone in to uch with everyone they know who are on that site. Social networking also allows people to share their daily lives and thoughts with one another through outbound messages and walls that signal all of their connections.Although some use social networking sites for limited communication, others spend large-scale periods of their day communicating with contacts through computer and mobile social networking interfaces (Feigenbaum). Technology these days had really helped us have a social life without even being with them in person. Technology has led people to write more and talk slight. The ubiquitous and cheap nature of email has made it the backbone of railway line communication. Emails have the advantage of being able to transmit information instantly to numerous recipients.With the increasing use of email-enabled phones and devices, people no longer have to be at their desks to communicate (Feigenbaum). People no longer have to wait for a letter to come in the mail, email is inst antaneously. A great way to connect with people through technology theses days is video chatting, where you can talk to someone face to face over the computer or even cell phone. It is basically a phone call, but you get to actually see the person you are talking to.Video chatting is getting much more popular these days Facebook even added it to their site so everyone can do it. Also there is a website called chatroulette which is a site just for video chatting random people from across the world. With the proliferation of built-in cameras and microphones on computers and mobile devices, broadband connections and program refinements, an average of 300 million minutes of Skype video calls made daily globally, an plus of about 900 percent from 2007, according to data provided by the company.Many more calls are made using other popular software programs, like FaceTime and Google chat. (SCELFO) I believe living in this day and age is very easy to have a social life than it was years ba ck when technology was less advanced. There are so many opportunities now to get into contact with someone. Basically everyone has a cell phone, computer, email account, and a way to video chat. It is so crazy how technology has improved and there will be much more in the future ahead.

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences Essay

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences EssayFloods have been a major inherent incident, affecting the Gambia all over the last decade. It personal effects has been a cause for concern, because the Gambia is situated in the low lying coast and it has a low energy in resolving the problems on fill ups. As a result of the rebellion ocean directs, along with excess rainfall and mellow soar upwardss, the Gambias river reaches its engorge stage, causing fill and inundation.According to UNFCCC (2007), the Gambia is part of the worlds virtually vulnerable countries, that atomic number 18 prone to the effects of sea take aim rise and the rural areas has a few imaginativenesss to reduce the risks, it poses for the future. The aim of this hatch is to understand the impacts of sea aim rise on river flood and also, to understand its consequences for the flood risk precaution in Gambia.Geography and DemographyThe Gambia, being the smallest country in the African continent, has an area of 11,000 km (NEA, 2010). Studies from the UNEP(no date) claim that, about one third of its surface area is covered by the Gambias river with marsh lands along its banks. Its river originates from the Futa Djallon highlands in Guinea, bisecting the country into a narrow strip of land, approximately 400 km long and 30 km wide on both sides of Gambia (see Figure 1). Gambia is meet on all sides, by the Republic of Senegal and on the west, by the Atlantic Ocean (GOTG, 2008).Figure 1 Map of the Gambia ( Jaiteh and Saho, 2006)Climate and populationThe Gambias climate is cognize to be subtropical, with dry seasons from November to May, and skew-whiff seasons from June to October. Rainfalls and tides are known to be the key factors that influence the rivers flows, as the rainfall ranges from 850-1,200 mm per annum (NEA,2010). However, over the past decades, there has been immense outbreaks of drought referable to low rainfall patterns. As a result, re latively little vegetation cover, has increased the vulnerability of severe floods, because of inadequate permeable surfaces. During the wet seasons, the excess rainfalls, is the period when the overflow of the river banks and into the floodplains, reaches its peak (GOTG, 2008).The Gambias population is now estimated at 1.36 million (Jaiteh and Saho, 2006) with a density of over 130 persons/km2 (UNDP, 2000). A study by Columbia University(2007) claim that al well-nigh 62% of the population, residing outside the 10 meter elevation of the coastal areas, are at risk of coastal flooding, and they are suggestible to the effects from sea level rise(see Figure 2). Also 14% of the population, living in the upper river division and the 13% of the population living in the fundamental river division are those, under greatest threat of river flooding.Figure 2 Population density map(Columbia Univeristy,2007)The countrys geomorphology is made up of its river, which divides the country into two get around forms of a plateau. The lower valley is up to a total land area of 39 percent and its swamps are prone to floods, thus it is only 2 km away from the river ( Jaiteh, 2008).Jaiteh (2008) states that, the countrys highest land heights are in the east of the country, although they are not above 60 meters. The areas shaded in green are those that are more prone to river floods, hence it is less than ten meters above think sea level (see Figure 3). Correspondingly, the river flow is up to 30 percent downstairs 10 meters above baseborn sea level and up to 20 percent during flood seasons (NEA, 2010)Figure 3 Elevation Map of The Gambia (Jaiteh, 2003)Flooding in The GambiaFlooding has been the most common hazard, which affected tidy sum throughout the world. Annually, 75million people are affected by flood related disasters (Coppola,2011). In Gambia, the subject disaster precaution power (2008-2011) reported that between 2002 and 2006, there have been 65 flood events. Human activities add to the vulnerability of flood prone areas, especially in the north bank division, deforestation and low-down farming tends to reduce the soils ability to hold the flood weewees, and this causes more runoffs and erosion (NEA, 2010).Floods can be considered as natural position, rather than pinning it on the effects from climate change. Knuckman (2011) states that, as the catchment reaches its excess water levels, its loses its ability to restore this excess water and then flooding arises. In addition to that, Cooper and Pilkey (2004) believe that other factor listed below also contributes to the factors that trigger floods. There are three main factors that influence river floods are sea level Forcing Due to the high rations between the width and length of the river estuary, Jaiteh and Sarr (2011) have claimed that, sea level rise will increase towards the inner part of the river estuary and this applies to the river Gambia due to it land along the river is flat.Win d forcing The wind pressure has a huge impact on the water level. Reports from the Gambias meteorology office reveal that, during the last 10 years, there has been a 25cm difference in the water levels between the rainy and the dry season, due to breaks of wind speed. During the rainy season, the forces of the wind has a higher load over the rivers surfaceTributary forcing The rivers mean discharge ranges from 460-90 m3 (Leseck et al, 1980)and the impacts of the severe stream flows affects the rivers tributaries, increasing pressure on the rivers pressure..Surface evaporation is expected to increase, and this can rove additional constraints on management rules of an upstream reservoir in the country. Also, integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) institutions faces problems associated with the water floods from sea level rise, as drainage congestion increases the height of flood levels.During wet seasons, when excess precipitation triggers the river to reach its flood stage, causing the flooded water to flow to the flood plains and unto the land (GOTG, 2008). In1999 and 2003, there was a serious flood event that occurred in Upper River and Central River Regions, affecting 13.1% of the countrys population (National disaster management agency2008-2011). The Gambias has developed a national disaster management agency in 1996, as a response strategy, to provide emergency assistance rescue, relief and precautionary operations, for all the disasters in the country. Under this agency, there has been a framework called the strategic action plan, which provides a pathway on what actions and mechanisms to be undertaken for an good disaster management for the Gambia.For instance, in hurt of precautionary strategies of floods, this management agency provides sand bags, as flood proofing against the flood water levels during the rainy seasons. Although this process has not been effective, because during the recent floods (1999 and 2003), the forces of the flood waters has exceeded the capacity of those existing sand bags over the recent years (GOTG, 2008).A case study event July 2010 floodings (Jaiteh and sarr 2011)In September 2010, there was an extreme flood event from heavy rainfalls affecting 1,000 and 790 people were displaced. The National Red Cross provided financial support on those affected, whilst Red Crescent societies, were responsible for the emergency rescue and rehabilitation aid (DREF, 2010)Jallow et al(1996) carried out a research of a one meter sea level rise scenario on the coastal zone. He concluded that, 1m rise in sea level due to flooding would lead to a total land loss of 92 km in capital of Gambia, because its elevation , and Banjul is built on a low lying sand spit (see Figure 4). An estimated total damage of 217 million US Dollars, worth of land could be lost, including the mangroves on St. Marys Island, and along the river banks in the north bank divisions (National Climate Committee Banjul, 2003).Figure 4 Area s susceptible of flooding with a 1 meter sea level rise (GOTG, 2007)The Gambia political science has also hypothesize a national adaptation program of action on (NAPA) on climate change, which is under the administration of the UNFCCC. This framework was signed by the Gambia in June 2001, as a means of developing adaptations to climate change and also, to attain preventive schemes for natural disasters such as floods (Jaiteh and Sarr, 2011).Currently, there have been no existing engineering flood defenses in place, against the prevention of floods in the Gambia. According to executive director of the National disaster management agency, claimed that inadequate resources and low mount has been the countrys main stumbling block, in generating effective flood protection structures such as embankments and dykes. Mr Khan, further went on to say that, there has been ten contingency action plans, funded by the World Bank in 1998 to enhance sustainable actions for their flood risk managem ent strategy.Effects of sea level rising in GambiaThe sea level is rising due to an increased temperature from the atmosphere which causes thermal expansions in the oceans and the melting of the ice caps( Gehrels and Long, 2008). This outcome increases the water level of the sea to rise.Reports from IPCCC(2007) claimed, that world(a) sea level is likely to increase by 18 cm to 59 cm by 2100. In Gambia, it is believed that the sea levels could rise by 15cm to 95 cm by 2100 (UNFCCC,2007). This means that, if global warming is not monitored , the challenges of coping with extreme flood will perpetuate, which will cause future constraints to the Gambias disaster management agency. This outcome of global warming, threatens the risk of potential rivers flooding at an alarming rate in the future if there is not reduction in greenhouse gases.Rising sea levels, inundates the coastal zone, due to its low lying feature the Capital city Banjul is vulnerable to flooding it is less than one meter above mean sea level (see figure 3). It is believed that the relationship between the effects of sea level rise, is caused by the changing climate conditions and the natural occurrence of the river (Hunt,2000). For instance, at the rivers estuary, the rising water level from the sea, with heavy precipitation during the wet season increase the risks of flooding in the rivers floodplains (National Disaster Management government activity agency, 2008-2011). On the other hand, Jallow et al (1996) reveals that, high tides on the river estuaries, influenced by the westerly winds has also been a major factor why the river Gambia floods. Unfortunately, the tide record rec localize has not been in function over the past years, for further analysis (see Table 1)Table 1 Tidal recorder table Water levels from tide records taken in Banjul, from 1979 to 1993(Jallow et al 1996)The tide recorder above shows that, the water level has remained constant about two meters between 1979-1984, and towar ds the late 1980s due to low tides, there has been drastic shift between 1988 till 1993.Evidence of the high water levels can be seen in 1980, when huge river floods occurred in the central river division, accompany with heavy storm surges (Jallow et al, 1996). conversely the NEA (2000) claimed that the tidal currents mostly influences floods in the river estuary than the coastline, thus are weaker by the coastline Banjul, and higher up to1m/s in the rivers estuary.Figure 3 Current Elevation of Banjul (Jallow et al, 1999)Response strategiesThe Disaster agency mainly undertakes a disaster response and risk reduction system, than a disaster prevention scheme. In 2007, the agency formulated a risk reduction policy, called a hazards Profile of the Gambia and its Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Report, to identify the hazards, and the potential threats it poses to the country to the country (National Disaster Management Agency 2008-2011).In 2008 the Gambia government developed a Na tional Disaster Management Act which stressed, that the all adaptation and precautionary measures undertaken for flood preventions must be effective and capable to serve long-term purposes. Thus in the event of the 2003 flooding in Central River Division (CRD), the practical early warnings has not been efficient in alerting people before floods occurs.In the 2003 event, it was unreliable because it did not reach the entire region. Therefore, a change in its the response strategy of the monitoring systems. part 2003 the government proposes to produce a more resourceful flood risk management plan that consists of geospatial informations to improve the monitoring services to produce positive effective warning systems. There has been a proposal to develop a mapping program to manage the rivers floodplains along central river division (NEA, 2010).Currently the UNDP in the coaction of a National disaster management program provides project guidelines on,1. How to review of early warning systems,2. How to analyze management systems, in precautionary measures and3. The provision of reparation feedbacks to those responsible stakeholders (NEA, 2010).International responseThe United nations has recommended to the local government to develop artificial channels such as canals and build dams as mechanisms against flood. More over, the government has been has been reluctant, on these developments, especially dams, as they can cause the changes in the course of the river and its establishment, has not been financially viable.The UNDP support to the Gambia on floods, encourages a capacity building approach, in which grassroots development, enhances the local community with skills on planting mangroves around there neighborhood, as preparation plans to deal with the flood waters before flood occurrence (UNDP,2000).Recently, the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) provided technical support to the Gambias assessment of the national institutional framewo rk for the national program of Action. This was not been supportive because it has not clearly indicate areas prone to river flooding, induced sea level rise, to provide accurate analysis on research to cope with the risks from both sea level and flooding. Furthermore, the nonexistence of physical flood defenses against flood preventions, and this has been the why vulnerability increases of the countrys liability to floods (NEA, 2010).LONG-TERM plans and RecommendationsConstruction of physical defensesIt is significant to build a low cost seawall or a bulkhead to cope with the effects of sea level and floods along the coastline. The seawall has a 12 slope, a 2-metre beam and a height above water of 1.2 times sea level rise scenario. This would protect the coastline where there land is less than one meter above mean sea level, along Banjul area, by the mangrove systems. It is adequate to use dikes made up of about 1.5 to 2 meter to control the water levels (NEA, 2010)Wetland deliver ance and mitigationThe estuary of the Gambia River contains economically important wetlands and mangrove systems. The mangrove systems on the Kombo St. Mary Island and Kombo Peninsular are regarded as vital breeding grounds for various aquatic species. Efforts should be made to protect these areas by declaring them as protected wetlands. This would discourage exploitation of the resources in these wetlands. This can examine the impacts of upstream dams on the Gambia River in terms of reduced sediment supply.Effects of sea level rise on flood risk managementThe constraints that the rising sea level has on flood risk management affects the Gambias land use planning and the water resource management. There is the need to increase the use of floodplains against floods, and also development the rivers basin.Water resource managementIn producing a better river basin, flood management need to identify the connection of the rivers flowing patters. The Gambias integrated water resource manag ement ensures that the water quality is being preserved, and dams and wells are protected against contamination of the flood waters. When river flooding occurs, the major problems arises from drainage congestion and these are regarded as the significant effects of raising water levels on flood risk managementLand use planningThe Gambia needs to map out the most vulnerable locations of flood risks, to enable accurate impact assessments, between land-use planning and the protection of the infrastructures. Also, the contingency plan should include flood scenarios that are beyond the projected situation, in order to increase its management capacities.The lands office and physical planning should avoid the allocation of lands that are susceptible of flooding. For instance dried up streams in kombo peninsular, consists of new settlements, and has tardily flooded during the rainy seasons. People residing at areas prone to flooding should be advice to raise their gate above the mean flood levels.ConclusionIt can be concluded that, the impacts of rising sea levels will continue to increase the risk of flooding across the country, if the preventive systems are not enhanced productively in the future. This is because, the Gambia focus all their attention on the response systems, than prevention systems of floods and the effects of sea level rise, rather than tackling the root causes of the problems, and then finding means of preventing its occurrence. need of appropriate data has been a stumbling block in producing the accurate findings, for effective risk management systems. Although, Gambia has been classified as a net sink country, the list of greenhouse gases eliminate from the atmosphere is more than those produced (NEA, 2010). Yet it is been severely affected by the global climate change effects over the last decade. Its management systems undertake an integrated approach, such as policy formulations and contingency plans, rather than establishing of physical de fenses.To sum it up, the most important method to manage the effects of sea level rise on floods is to reconstruct those groynes(trunks of rhun palm inserted into the sea) in Banjul to capture those sediments transported during erosion (see Figure 5). The construction dikes, can possible be, one of the most efficient form of flood defences. Also, catchment flood management strategy can be an essential tool in providing a sustainable protection on managing flood risks. The facilitation of a catchment flood management plan will enable the Gambia, to benefit from the understanding flood risks of the river Gambia, in order to tackle its consequences efficiently. In this way, the national disaster management and the rest of the stakeholders will undertake a more technical style towards their flood management plan.In addition to that, there has been poor records to verify flood magnitudes and its frequency and if this was available, there will be allocation, there will be accurate analysi s that can provide inappropriate proficiency to manage future flood risk managements for the Gambia.A corporation that brings together the efforts of the local government, UN agencies, NGOs, civil Society and local communities is the most effective form of a achieving a sustainable flood management strategy would create an inclusive disaster management framework in the country and to improve governments capacities to manage and counter to floods effectively. trustworthy feed back supervisor wants me to provide a picture of a dikes, as I have written in my conclusion that, it cal be the most effective form of flood risk of management. Please run this thru your plagiarism website for me. I am in Uni working on my powerpoint slides

The Management Of Sustainability At Barclays Marketing Essay

The Management Of Sustainability At Barclays Marketing EssayThe history of Barclays was developed in 1960 in London by put-on Freame and Thomas Gould started their business as trading goldsmith bankers. In the year 1736, when James Barclay joined the organisation the name Barclays became connected with the company even though it was non until 1896 then the company is cognize as Barclays bank. Then is 1896 the company joins 19 other private banking businesses to form Barclay Company Limited, with 182 branches and a deposit of 26m. By the year 2009 Barclays bank has established in 59 countries with 140, 000 employees throughout the world due to globoseisation and the advancement of technology. Barclays is a major global financial run provider engaged in personal banking, credit rating cards, merged and investment banking, and wealth and investment charge. According to the annual report for 2012, in separate to energise a sustainable basis, Barclays had to store trust and rest ore performance. There was also a change in the remuneration packages, as they prefer paying jibe to the performance relationship. In relation with sh beholders they realise increase the share from the total net income and they mention that it is essential to the business and those employees working in an extreme combative international surroundings. Barclays also states that their hitting their targets which satisfies them. They claim that their doing work which is socially important and useful to the environment, as well to generate a sustainable return for the shareholders. Sustainability is an progressively important theme for businesses. At the current situation, the concept of sustainability has been broadened to include not only environmental consideration, but also economic and social consideration claims Elkington (1998). If these factors are implemented in the business, it would be successful. Sustainability is essential for Barclays competitive advantage as Barclays has various competitors in the market. Barclays sustains its competitive advantage by creating a size and novelty for the business as well as the quality, character and the relationships with their customers. Diversity has allowed them to build a sustainable business by delivering an operational excellence, investing in intromission and managing their risks.2.0 Findings2.1 Sustainability /Sustainable schoolingSustainability refers to the ability of a mankind to continue indefinitely by making a zero impact on the environmental resources (Blowfield Murray, 2011). put out Marten (2010) states that sustainability is defined as a long- term of importtenance of trunks according to environmental, economic and social considerations. Sustainable development is the process by which mankind causes towards the last-ditch goal of sustainability. The goal of sustainable development is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and to enjoy a let out quality of life without compromising the quality of life of future generations (HMG, 2005).2.2 Business SustainabilityBusiness sustainability is known as adapting to the business strategies and activities that borders the needs of business stakeholders today and the get on future. There are few examples which are used to measure the sustainability of the business, and one of the silk hat behaviors of testing sustainability would be the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) manner introduced by John Elkington. It consists of three important elements which is Economic, social and environmental. It generates the basis of both Global describeing Initiative (GRI) and Sustainability Balance Scorecard (SBSC). Now this report would move on to evaluate the Triple Bottom Line (TBL).2.3 Economic SustainabilityThe economic dimension, sustainability is concern about the organizations impacts on the economic environment of its stakeholders and on economic system at local, national and global levels. A narrow concept of economic sustainability focuses on the economic performances of the corporations itself the responsibility of management is to develop, produce and market those products that secure the long-run economic performances of the corporation (Crane and Matten, 2010).The economic perspective on sustainability is strong and stable economy would create jobs and incomes for society in locate to provide basic threadbare of living.2.4 Environmental SustainabilityThe environmental sustainability is concern about organisations impact towards the diverse ecosystem, like water, land and air. The basic principles of sustainability in environment perceptive concern the effective management of physical resources so that they are conserved for the future (Crane and Matten 2010). Basically, it provides resources for human activities and acts as sinks which absorb and recycle human waste such as microorganisms. It is also known as the main resource provider to people, such as water, soil f ertility and pollination.2.5 Social SustainabilityThe Social Sustainability focuses on the impacts of an organisation towards the social structure which it operates. The development in social perspectives on sustainability has tended to trial behind that of the environment and economic perspectives (Scott, Park and Cocklin, 2000). The main social point of sustainability is the key justice. It deals with a strong, healthy and jolly society. It provides promotion for personal well- being, social cohesion and inclusion and equal opportunities for the society (HMG, 2005).3.0 Measuring Businesses Sustainability3.1 Sustainability Balance ScorecardKaplan and Norton (1992) developed the balanced scorecard in rate to give managers a to a greater extent comprehensive view of business performances. Balance scorecards combine both qualitative and quantitative measures, acknowledge the expectations of different stakeholders and relate an sagaciousness of performance to choice of category. It contents of quartette perspectives financial, customers, process, learning and growth. The sustainability balance scorecard consists of four elements, which would be financial, internal business process, customer, learning and growth. It alleviates the organisation to breakdown corporate level measures which will help manager and employees to look at what could be done to establish the organization to improve internal and external communications and varan organisations performances against goal.Barclays has been using sustainability balance scorecard in measuring their organisation sustainability. According to the annual report in 2012 in mentioned that the economic environment in Barclays main markets was marked by generally weak or negative growth (as measured by GDP), which has affected business, consumer and investor confidence across these regions. Economic performance in the near term remains uncertain and is expected to be subdued. As an example, to overcome this situation Barclays expects to incur a restructuring charge of approximately 500m in the initiatory quarter of 2013 and costs associated with implementing the strategic plan of approximately 1bn in 2013, 1bn in 2014 and 0.7bn in 2015 ( Barclays annual report, 2012).3.2 Global Reporting InitiativeSocial accounting is the unbidden process concerned with assessing and communicating organisational activities and impacts on social, ethical, and environmental issues relevant to stakeholders. Corporate organisations involves in social accounting for both practical and moral reasons. The main four reasons are internal and external pressure, identifying risks, improved stakeholder management and enhanced accountability and transparency. A good social accounting is complete when a scheme in place attempts to the activities like Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Crane and Matten (2010) states that Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is an international multi-stakeholder effort to create a common framew ork for reporting on social, economic and environmental triple bottom line sustainability. Barclays has reported against the Global Reporting Initiative (G3) Indicator protocols and Financial Sector Supplement. In 2011, Barclays have self-declared for their GRI performance application to be B+ (Annual Report Barclays, 2011).4.0 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)CSR is a set of measures that business could take in order to become sustainable. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is known as a business initiative to evaluate and take accountability on the organizational personal effects on the environment and impact on the community which is meant that it benefits the organization as well as the community. Rionda claims that CSR is alternatively referred to as corporate citizenship, which essentially means that a company should be a good neighbor within its host family (Rionda.Z, 2002). Organization that is socially trusty would be rewarded with more satisfying customers, which w ill help to meet the organization goals and expansion of the business. CSR is also as one of tool for brand reputation for business which is developed globally. As an example, a company which has a strong global brand and consumer pressure will be the key drivers towards CSR practices (Zadek, 2004). Most of the companies nowadays have decided to get involved in CSR because they have that in order to stay productive, competitive and relevant in a rapidly changing world, they have to become socially responsible. CSR has also been defined by Moir (2001) who states the continuing localizement by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large.4.1 Carroll CSR ModelSource A Carroll (1991) The pyramid of corporate social responsibility, Business Horizons, July-August, pp-39-48.The study on Barclays CSR is based on the Carroll four part CSR model that has helped Barclays to meet the two stage of this model which includes economic and legal. Barclays has reported all their CSR activities clearly which gives an indication that Barclays gives an concept to be a sustainable organization and Barclays has been doing well in all these aspects to maintain their sustainability. Barclays seem to give much attention to aim on their CSR activities at stakeholders to contribute to economic, environment and social sustainability to remain sustainable. Now this report will move on to discuss on the CSR policies adapted by Barclays.4.2 Barclays CSRBarclays has been actively savoury themselves in CSR activities. Barclays believes business can have a positive impact towards the community they serve if CSR is being implemented. Ever since they have start operating their commencement ceremony bank in 1960, they have dedicated their selves to trust and respect their customers and shareholders. Barclays is involving themselves in CSR activitie s such as, environmental, social and economic. As an example, Barclays Bank in Kenya state that, in order to stay in business for another100 years, they need to be partners with their stakeholders to maximize the opportunities presented by economic, social and environmental sustainability issues, as well as collaborate to minimise the associated risks in both direct and indirect ( Barclays Annual report, 2010). This report will now evaluate the CSR activities of Barclays.4.3 EnvironmentalBarclays Environmental sustainability approach is to reduce their impacts on the environment. They are not only focusing on the direct operational impact, while they are also looking at wider influence through their lending and investment activities. To make this more efficient Barclays has introduced climate exchange program. This program emphasizes on waste management, water use and paper use. They are designing, building and operating in way that reduces the impact on the globe. There are three m ain issue which influences Climate exchange Program. The first one would be developing products and services for a low deoxycytidine monophosphate economy, and then followed by managing climate change risks which means managing social and environmental risk in lending and finally managing their own carbon footprint (Citizenship Report, 2011). With adopting all this environmental policies, Barclays was able to meet a sustainable environmental operation to their business.4.4 SocialIn social sustainability Barclays is involved with the community. In 2012, Barclays global community investment team managed to engage 73,000 staff in volunteering, fundraising and stand-in programmes that benefited an estimated two million people worldwide (Ainsworth, 2012 Third Sector). Barclays states that in order to have social sustainability two things beings involved community investment programs and employee programs with the direct efforts of employees. The community programs which Barclays practi ces are Building Young Futures that aims to equip 74,000 disadvantaged young people in six countries Brazil, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Uganda and Zambia with the skills to help them fulfil their potential with a partnership between Barclays and UNICEF( Barclays citizenship plan , 2012). This program is introduced to help the poor community in these countries to have a proper skill and self-confidents in securing their income with a job or set up a small business with skill and knowledge provided by this program. The main aim of this program is to reduce unemployment rate among the younger generation in these countries. As an example, in the first four years of their partnership, Building Young Futures gave more than 600,000 young people improved education opportunities financial, employment and enterprise skills and support to manage their money(Barclays citizenship plan, 2012). in addition that, Barclays has introduced a citizenship award in 2012 to recognize and assess the work c ontribution done by their employees for community. The employees in Barclays are actively involved in fund raising for the local community around the globe. For instance, near 1,000 customers and employees took in the sights of the UK capital by night on a 10-km walk, as they raised almost 100,000 to support UNICEF and UK broadcaster touchwood radios Have a Heart charity (Barclays citizenship plan, 2012). With this programmes it would help the local communities to achieve financial independence and security in their lives. Furthermore, these programmes applied towards the community would help Barclays to be more sustainable in a social context.4.5 Society/ DiversityAside making huge profits and meeting organisation goals, Barclays have also created a culture where revolution is valued and respected. Barclays mention that their global diversity strategy in place across the organisation, and they are continuing to extend and update this to reflect industry best practice and to meet the expectations of stakeholders and customers (Barclays, 2011).As an example, Barclays have worked closely with external recruitment firm to let them know their diversity priorities, so they could provide them with huge number employees for recruitment and selection. This method is used to measure the employees potential and hard work and to ensure individuals with disabilities have equal rights and job prospects. Barclays has given priorities to diversity as want to meet an equal gender workforce and to support co-workers and customers who has disability. For instance , the UK Corporate Banking business rose to first from fourth place among its peers in terms of client satisfaction, and a business in their Wealth and Investment Management division won Best Customer Experience Award in Financial Services in the 2011 Customer Experience Awards. Now this report would move on to access the economic sustainability.4.6 EconomicBarclays practices transparency to their stakeholder. Base d on the findings, Barclays believes that the best way to support their stakeholders is by operating a strong, profitable and growing business, which creates jobs and contributes to the economic success of the communities in which they live and work (Citizenship Report, 2011). Transparency is the degree to which corporate decision, policies, activities and impacts are hold and made visible to relevant stakeholders (Crane and Matten, 2010). Jenkins Barclays CEO has mention (International Business Times)that he is committed to building a better bank with massive changes that will get up up shareholder returns over the longer term and based on the 2012 annual report Shares in the group rose 4.2 per cent (Baccardax, 2013). According to the abridgment on Barclays CSR activities that theyre involved with, it gives a reflection that Barclays supports the Stakeholder theory. Stakeholder theory seeks to balance the interest of a range of economic, social and environmental stakeholders. Th e theory was been developed by Edward freewoman (1984) who states that a stakeholder of an organization is any group or individual who can affect, or is affected by, achievement of the organisations objectives(Freman 198446). For a more precise definition (Evan and freewoman 1993) has suggested two principles Principle of corporate right, which means the corporation has the obligation not to violate the right of others and Principle of corporate effect which means companies are responsible for the effect of their actions on others. Stakeholder theory is known as the utilitarian ethical stances that give a balancing of stakeholder interests in decision making using a triple bottom line approach. Stakeholder theory is essential in multinational organisation like Barclays and they are sustaining with this approach.4.7 Weaknesses of CSR policies in BarclaysBarclays seems to provide information that theyre sustainable notwithstanding there are few weakness and risk in the CSR policy. In early 2013, according to The Guardian news, Barclays was preparing to hand its chief executive Antony Jenkins a grant of at least 1m for 2012 and it is a year when the bank was fined 290m for its part in the Libor-rigging scandal and set aside a further 1bn for mis-selling payment protection indemnification (The Guardian ,2013). Besides that, Barclays was under pressure from some of their shareholder demanded for a repay of past bonuses from its new boss. It was surprising that Barclays could be origins of the recession in the credit crunch caused by reckless bank lending. Latest news on Barclays that they will become a self-service-oriented company, thereby allowing the remaining staff to focus on delivering added value to its customers and they have mention that Barclays is changing (The Telegraph, 2013). With this information Barclays is seen as not consistent with their policy. On the other hand, they mum could be an omissions supporting by mentioning that Barclays is still a sustainable organisation. As Freidman (1970) argues that social and environmental sustainability are the responsibility of individuals and the government. The whole Barclays management shouldnt be blame for this issues it could possibly be an individual who is liable.5.0 synopsisBased on the outcomes made for this report Barclays appears to be a sustainable organisation. As seen in the outcomes, Barclays is actively engaged with many CSR activities are have updated them in GRI as well as SBSC. Barclays has establish themselves as the most recognised and respected organization in the world, to sustain it Barclays plans to continue to expand rapidly and commit to more CSR activities to be more sustainable.6.0 RecommendationThe recommendation is made after evaluating Barclays CSR activities and from my point of views on what Barclays should do in achieving a sustainable organisation. Barclays should emphasize on social and economic sustainability as their lack in this both activiti es. I agree that Barclays is involved in economic and social CSR activities, while be a global organisation its suggested that they should give emphasis to strategic importance of CSR drivers for globalization. As an example, Barclays is engaged in banking industry for many years, they seem expand their business to a more wide area in the world which is due to globalization and this will help them to achieve a sustainable business and profitable organisation. Besides that, having CSR activities which engaging public will gain more popularity for Barclays as it will reach the public faster than indoor activities. Barclays should also concentrate on the useful ethical stances of social responsibility. It seeks a balanced stakeholder interest in decision making using a triple bottom line approach which includes economic, environment and social which will be an advantage for Barclays.ReferencingCrane, A and Matten, D, (2010) Business Ethics, 3rd ed , Oxford University Press, USA.Elking ton, J. (1998). Cannibals with Forks The Triple Bottom Line in 21st Century Businesses. untested Society Publishers, Gabriola Is., BC.Blowfield, M and Murray, A (2011), Corporate Responsibility, 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press,USA.HMG (2005). Securing the Future Delivering UK sustainable development strategy, TSO, London.www.sustainable-development.gov.ukKaplan, S and Norton, P (1992), The Balanced Scorecard Measures That Drive Performance, Harvard Business check into , Jan-Feb retrieved on April 14,2013 from ftp//docenti.ing.units.it/arc_stud/Centrone/Corso_Tecniche%20di%20Gestione%20Aziendale/Dispense%20%20Books/Kaplan%20%20Norton/Kaplan%20%20Norton%20-%20The%20Balanced%20Scorecard%20-%20Measures%20That%20Drive%20Performance.pdf .Rionda.Z, (2002), WHAT IS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, CATALYST Consortium, USA, retrieved on April 11, 2013 from http//pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnada498.pdf.Zadek,(2004), The path to corporate responsibility ,Harvard Business Review,82, declination1 25-32.Moir L. 2001. What do we mean by corporate social responsibility? Corporate Governance 1(2) 16-22.Freeman, R. E. (1984) Strategic Management A Stakeholder Approach, Boston, MA Pinnan.Evan, W.M. and Freeman, R.E (1993), A stakeholder theory of the youthful corporation Kantian capitalism. In W.M. Hoffman and R.E. Frederick (eds.),Business ethics readings and cases in corporate morality145-54. in the raw York McGraw-Hill.Friedman, M (1970). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine, 13 September.Scott, K, Park, J. and Cocklin, C (2000). From sustainable rural communities to social sustainability giving voice to diversity in Mangakahia Valley, New Zealand. Journal of Rural studies,16 443-6.Barclays (2012), Annual Citizenship Report 2011, retrieved on April 15, 2013 from,http//reports.barclays.com/cr11/howwereport/globalreportinginitiativeindex.html.Barclays (2010), Annual report and financial statement Barclays bank Kenya, retrieve d on April 15, 2013 from, http//www.barclays.com/africa/kenya/documents/Corporate-Social-Responsibility-Report.pdf.Barclays (2012), Barclays Annual PLC report, retrieved on April 16, 2013 from, http//reports.barclays.com/ar12/servicepages/downloads/files/entire_barclays_ar12.pdf.Barclays (2013), Annual Citizenship report 2012, retrieved on April 16, 2013 from, http//group.barclays.com/about-barclays/citizenship.Barclays (2011), Annual Citizenship report for Environmental and social risk in lending, retrieved on April 17, 2013 from, http//reports.barclays.com/cr11/thewaywedobusiness/environmentalandsocialriskinlending.html?cat=b.Barclays (2012), wealth and investment management, retrieved on April 17, 2013,from , http//www.barclayswealth.com/about-us/in-the-community.htm.Barclays (2002), corporate social responsibility annual report, retrieved on April 17, 2013 from, http//www.investor.barclays.co.uk/results/2002results/annual_report/website/impact/csr16.html.Baccardax, M (2013), Bar clays CEO Strategy Overhaul Global Economy will slow Near-term growth, retrieved on April 17, 2013 from, http//www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/434161/20130212/barclays-antony-jenkins-investment-banking-job-cuts.htm.Ainsworth, D (2012), Business Charity Awards CSR team -Winner Barclays,Retrieved on April 17, 2013, from , http//www.thirdsector.co.uk/Fundraising/article/1131962/business-charity-awards-csr-team-winner-barclays/. unidentified (no Date http//historyofbusiness.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/history-of-barclays-bank.html access on 18 April 2013.Barclays (2011), Citizenship report for direct economic contribution, retrieved on April 19, 2013, from, http//reports.barclays.com/cr11/contributingtogrowth/directeconomiccontribution.html?cat=b.Barclays (2013), Citizenship report for supporting our community, retrieved on April 19, 2013, from, http//group.barclays.com/about-barclays/citizenship/supporting-our-communities.Treanor, J ( 2013), Barclays preparing to pay bonus of at least 1m to new chief Antony Jenkins, The Guardian , February , 29 retrieved on April 19,2013 from, http//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/jan/29/barclays-executive-pay-jenkins-libor.Telegraph staff (2013), Barclays could cut up to 40,000 jobs, The Telegraph, March, 7 retrieved on April 19, 2013, from, http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/9916111/Barclays-could-cut-up-to-40000-jobs.html.

What Caused the Rise of British Seaside Resorts?

W get into Caused the Rise of British Seaside Resorts?1What were the crucial factors in the rise of British seaside touch ons much(prenominal) as Blackpool?Samantha Taylor Metropolis 18/07/2017CONTENTS penetration11Late Georgian (1800 1837)21.1Holidays21.2Fashion31.3Town Growth41.4Entertainment52 nice (1837 1901)72.1Holidays72.2Town victimization82.3Fashion92.4Entertainment103Edwardians (1901 1914)123.1Fashion123.2Town cash advance133.3Holiday143.4Women Travellers Hoteliers.163.4aThe Landlady.163.4bTravel Tips for Women.16Conclusion18Bibliography19The seaside pass is an old tradition and for umpteen people holds fond memories. Full of sensory delights, from the bright lights of the arcades to the humble fish and chips, the British seaside holiday is so deeply ingrained in the nations identity operator that the origin seems almost forgotten.From the 1830s until the 1870s the resort developed massively, assisted by the newly developing railway line. The 1870s to the 1940 s became the high point of the seaside resort era, as it became more commercialised to cater for all classes, in particular, the functional class. 2Visiting the seaside was older than the Georgian flow rate (1747 1837), however, these holidays were an upper-class aff circulate as galore(postnominal) of the work class could non afford the travel or take date off work. People may think that the seaside holiday is solely a Victorian idea, however, due to Parliamentary acts and the inventions of both the Victorian and Edwardian age the seaside resort becomes more publicly accessible and cursorily became highly commercialised.Acts such as the 1850 Factory Act allowing Saturday afternoons off for mill workers and the 1871 Bank Holidays Act allowing bank staff set days off, spread to separate work lodges3 and improved peoples welfare whilst it incidentally helped to introduce the travel agents and Wakes Weeks clubs that provided the basis of holidays in the United Kingdom and to the Continent.This assignment will look at the four main factors, holiday, contrive, town, and entertainment that were influenced and in contort influenced the development of the seaside in the late Georgian and Victorian period, along with holiday, fashion, town, and women travellers and female hoteliers that provided the same influence in the Edwardian period (1800 1914).Holidays winning to the water was not a new concept the Romans left structural reminders in their baths in places such as Bath. The difference being that the 19th ascorbic acid saw an increase in air pollution from the industrialisation of towns and increasingly poor diet that caused ill health. This made the upper class want a cure all, Scarborough is one of the earliest sea spas opening in 1625, although Brighton became one of the most favoured resorts by the Georgians. 4In the archetypical decades of the 19th century, doctors, including William Buchan (1803) prescribed sea bathing as a curative, and impo sed the rules surrounding this ritual such as bathing should be done in cooler months, and the wrapping of the body in dry, sea-soaked, towels after liquid, all believed to increase the health benefits of the sea. 5By 1826 William Scott advised alternative exercising alongside smooth during the warmer months, instead of Buchans recommendations. 6The sea air was adept as well, helping to prolong life. However, the topical anesthetic graveyards of many another(prenominal) seaside resorts house the remains of consumptives, as they were worryly to be guests to the resort. 7George IIIs physician, Doctor Richard Jebb (1729-1787)8, suggested the Exmouth air was as unalloyed as that on the south coast of France. Guides suggested that the proof of how beneficial the air was, was reflected in how healthy the locals were. 9The Napoleonic wars (1799 1815) confine Grand Tours on the Continent, meaning many Georgians developed an interest in domestic tourism. Despite the ideas of the se aside holiday as an upper-class affair, many Lancashire working class found time to ensure Blackpool in this period. 10Despite the bathing machine, developed to protect modesty, sexual freedom was explored at the seaside, as telescopes were known to be used by women and men to sight on bathers of the opposite sex. 11FashionFig.1 Sea Side Bathing Dress12Besides the health benefits, ladies of standing had the chance to show how fashionable they were with an excuse to wear well-nighthing novel they tended not wear in London. Mrs Bell of London specialised in unusual bathing dresses these were worn to prevent tanning, as it was recognised it was the sea air that was beneficial for health, not the sun. 13Fig.1 is from La Belle Assemble August 1814 it is hard to tell whether the ladies wore the whole dress in the sea or just the shift. However, it can be implied that the wearer went in with just the shift as La Belle Assemble magazine of the time states, it is made in a form never be fore introduced, that it is every bit tasteful and becoming it enables a lady to dress herself in a few minutes without assistance 14At the turn of the 19th-century women swam at the edge of the sea in long-sleeved flannel shifts as the century progressed and bathing became pleasurable, the bathing dresses became shorter. Depending on the fashion some years saw the bathing dress without its sleeves, in other years the bathing dress was described as a sack. Sea bathing also posed a challenge for the ladies hairstyles female Georgian hairstyles were composite plant and dressed over small cushions. 15In the early 1800s, most sea-bathing resorts had a book or slate, where guests signed on arrival, to secure their place in the line up for a bathing hut to undress. Men who got bored with waiting often sent their footman ahead to find a secluded bay to bathe. 16Gentlemen appeared unfazed by holiday fashion, unlike the ladies who competed with other ladies not only with their bathing cost umes but also with day and evening wear. By and large, men took their everyday clothing although some freaky males wore flamboyant formal wear in an evening. 17Town GrowthAlthough the pier had become synonymous with the Victorian age. It, in fact, was Georgian in origin playing as an extra promenade for boating trips and becoming a gold mine for the local entrepreneurial fisherman. As shipping advanced from sail to steam it pushed the pier further out. Scarboroughs Old, Vincents, East and West wharfage (2nd half of 1200/1732/ 1790-1812/ 1817 respectively) is the earliest collection of piers, a pioneer and epitome of English seaside computer architecture. 18Margates pier helped intimidate and increase the visitors from the ships. In 1808 its new pier had a gallery charging a penny admission to promenade in 1812 this led to demonstrations and the toll booth workers came adjoining to being thrown into the sea. 19At the start of the seaside resort, many accommodations had to adapt existing housing and by 1818 this had developed into the form of hotels we now know today. end-to-end this century, the two main accommodations provided were the boarding and lodging houses. Sometimes these tended to be hard to differentiate between however, catering was only available in the boarding house. The let on accommodations listed themselves in guidebooks to enable reservations to be made in advance. 20At the beginning of the century men tended to run the establishments, however, many guests came with no servants and expected food. This resulted in women pickings up the role of front of house and housekeeper towards the end of the century. 21Blackpool had an obscure origin with no port or established heavy industry, the buildings, mere scattered farms and fishermans huts. Blackpool was seen as far too remote to be of any historical significance, so had nothing to play to its advantage. As Blackpool transformed into a town at the turn of the 19th century, it housed the b asic amenities that just satisfied the needs of its southern guests whilst at the same time being a luxury to its northern clientele. Compared to Brighton, Blackpool was a latecomer and slow in developing. 22EntertainmentWealthy Georgians demanded a range of entertainment whilst visiting the resort good enough entertainment to rival the spa towns. many guests fell into a routine centred preponderantly around the beach, Assembly room and Circle Libraries. 23Regattas and rowing races along the seaside became an established fixture in the calendar for resort guests. Starcross in South Devon held its first tourist regatta in 1775 and assuage survives today in Cowes week on the Isle of Wight. 24Around the 1820s the Assembly Rooms provided places for gambling and socialising. A Master of Ceremonies regulated these activities to help impose a sense of etiquette. umteen Assembly Rooms shared a Master of Ceremonies with neighbouring halls. By the 1830s, the Assembly Rooms lost their popul arity, as the seaside clientele became a mixture of social classes. 25The Circular Library was another amenity forming the social vegetable marrow of the Georgian seaside often competing against, or working with the Assembly Rooms. However, the library was mainly used to loan books for a 5-shillings subscription. Popularity for the Circular Libraries outlived the Assembly Rooms by 10 years. 26Unsophisticated entertainment was also provided, such as sack races and chasing a pig with a soaped tail. 27 Hunting and shooting were a great attraction for the Georgian gentleman, the main shooting activity available at the seaside was shooting wildlife from a boat. This, unlike hunting on land, required no permission from the landowner. To provide more variety for a ladies day, cricket matches were also put on as this activity was perfectly respectable for ladies to watch. 28HolidaysEarly industrial produce in neighbouring areas provided day-trippers to Blackpool long before the railway companies forged links in the area. The burgeoning of industrialisation throughout Great Britain however, saw the erosion of traditional holidays making them unregulated, this restricted the working class visits. By the 1830s, Wakes Saving Clubs allowed workers to join and save for their annual holiday to the seaside. These clubs flourished in Lancashire providing a regular holiday for the working class. The Wakes Week vary from town to town from the end of July to the beginning of September. 29The 1850 Factory Act improved working conditions and permitted the workers time off on a Saturday afternoon. Whilst many took this time to relax, some chose to take a day-trip to the seaside as one of the many avenues of escapism. Towards the end of the 19th century Blackpool established itself as the resort for all classes, however, it focused predominantly on the working class of the north. 30Excursions1 was not a new concept when Thomas Cook, a printer by trade, had the idea to provide a railway excursion for the temperance movement. In fact, the railway companies had set up their own excursions as early as 1836. 31Cooks first excursion in 1841 was successful and by managing future short excursions himself Cook gained more understanding of the areas. With his vision of providing cheaper travel by buying in bulk, his report card grew. 32What also helped firmly establish Cooks reputation as the main travel agent was his first long distant excursion to Liverpool, which included Caledonia and Snowdonia in 1844. A self-published handbook, a precursor to the travel brochures was a clever marketing tool that helped sell the tickets within a matter of days. In later years, Thomas Cook expanded into foreign travel. 33Town DevelopmentEngineers rather than the architects of the day designed the new piers that were build in the Victorian age. Many were oriental in design, an idea left over from the Georgians. This exotic architecture intended to help the working class imagine what the Orient would look like. 34Improvements in new piling and bracing techniques in this period allowed seaside resorts to quickly build metal framed amusement piers. Piers by the 1860s were attracting local investors willing to risk money in bold enterprises Preston and Manchester business owners invested in Blackpools piers. In 1885 Blackpool was the first in England to have an electric tram that still operates today. 35Financial gain from fairground operators along with the income generated by the pier and bathing machines helped overturn Blackpool corporations desire to keep the working class away. It enhanced the seaside experience for new visitors these features strengthened the appeal of seaside holidays in Great Britain. 36The railway was not entirely the driving force behind the change in some seaside resorts. It was more the sheer growth in urban population and a pursuit in proceeds policies that led local authorities to begin to control the development of towns by the turn of the twentieth century. Some resorts diversified towards facilitating family needs by adapting to railway connections. 37environmental amenities, such as scenic beauty and wildlife were at risk due to the expansion of the seaside towns, entertainment and open sewerage. To tackle this in 1852 Weston-Super-Mare introduced a partial treatment plant before changing to a sea outfall in 1866 and in 1898 Exeter introduced a settling tank. Concerns about the seaside environment forced local authorities to make it mandatory for towns to build a form of biological treatment plant by the 1900s. 38FashionAround the 1850s people still bathed unsanded. Many of ladies visited the big seaside hotels or the coasts of France, away from such vulgar behaviour. 39Unlike the French, whose seaside attire became ever more fashionable, the British seaside fashion remained low-key and changed very little in the first 80 years of the 19th century. The trims and frills remained and were too cumbe rsome, preventing all but the determined athletic female from swimming. 40From the 1840s, London shops and womens fashion magazines advertised clothes and accessories for seaside fashion. This could be seen as the age of wearing clothes for one season as the items were made of cheap fabric and were shamed easily in the sea air. 41Fig.2 (L) caleon tended to fall down as the man swam. (R) this costume prevented any mishaps and protect modesty42Around the mid-19th century, men tended to swim naked usually in secluded Cornish beaches that women did not frequent. Swimwear was available in the form of caleon(French swimming shorts) although the exact date of this fashion is not clear, fig.2 (L) suggests around 1810/1815, although Avril Lansdell suggests as early as late 18th century France.43Many men did not wear these items of clothing as they saw them as effeminate and the chain had a tendency to loosen and the costume come off. 44Swimming became serious as a form of exercise in the 1 850s. The earliest male swimming club was in Brighton in 1858 and races here started in 1861. Rules stated that competitors must wear swimwear. Caleon were unreliable, in order to comply with these rules one-piece costumes were available from the 1870s as seen in Fig.2 (R). 45EntertainmentThe Victorian age was a period that saw the seaside resorts ceasing to be solely health resorts. This was to cater for the middle class and lie around family entertainment that centred on the beach and pier. 46Entertainment in 1840s Blackpool focussed on the natural beauty, health, and bathing available at the resort. This was a stark line of credit to the entertainment provided at the established resorts, many commentators remarked on Blackpools lack of any historical interest.47Due to ever-growing numbers to the seaside a demand for leisure complexes arose in the 1870s. This lead to the beach centred entertainment of Punch and Judy and donkey rides the characteristic entertainment we now know a nd love. 48During the 1870s Blackpools pleasure beach made the town the leading pleasure resort with its large range of all-weather entertainment, three pleasure piers that formed a complex of commercial amusement that no other British resort could compete with. 49Despite the apparent decline of the Circular Library and Assembly Halls, Worthing had four to five Circular Libraries by 1859. Whilst Great Yarmouth and Margates Assembly Rooms still flourished beyond the 1870s. 50The working class excursion burgeoned later in the Victorian era. The investment was heavily based on the capitalised entertainment companies in the larger resorts. This cumulated in places like the pleasure places of the 1890s and the foreshore fairgrounds that characterised many Victorian and Edwardian resorts. 51Organised events such as bands performing on purpose built bandstands and minstrel armament from the United States all provided great enjoyment however, both Jane Welsh Carlton letter writer, born in 1801 and married essayist and historian Thomas Carlyle in 182652 and Charles dickens mention their distaste for the noise from the seaside promenades. 53FashionSeaside fashion began to change although bathing costumes changed very little in the first half of the 20th century. It was not until the outbreak of World War One that the ideas of general fashion were revolutionised with Coco Chanel as the forerunner of this later change54Fig.3 GB Womens Team.1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm. The first time women could compete in swimming. 55However, what did change for the swimming costumes, seen in fig.3, was the removal or phasing out of the cumbersome woollen bathing dress, for the more revealing and functional swimming costumes, this left a costume for women, much like the mens. Although the woman who was conscious of her figure still had a two-piece option. 56The corset had been around for some time, with many women bathing in them however, the Edwardian period introduced an S-shaped corset. This corset made the women look as though their upper body was leaning forward, making the women look like stiff pigeons, and emphasised by their highly embellished blouses. However, by 1912, these corsets were phasing out of fashion, for lighter clothing that was easier to promenade along the seaside. Hats were favoured, over the bonnet, by the Edwardians as the period progressed the womens hat became larger and became adorned with lace or feathers. 57Fig.4 Christmas cup, swimmer 58Mens swimwear also changed by 1914, seen in fig.4, men could now be seen wearing better fitting legless swimming trunks. However, trunks tended to be more boys swimwear. 59In the Victorian age, men injected a nautical or exotic theme into their seaside fashion. This was carried through to the Edwardian period, although the blazers were far brighter and gaily striped. Beards in this period were seen to be for the older generation whilst the younger tended to be moustached or shaven. 60Town Improv ementDespite the advancement in science by the Edwardian age and the obsession with sewerage disposal, this ideal did not extend to the treatment of it. Brightons medical officer was quoted in 1903 to have state that with the advancement in the purification of sewerage there was no excuse in contaminating the sea water. 61John Walton contradicts John Hassan (see pg. 10), saying that even though the local government controlled the sewerage, they cut costs that impacted on the environment, health and wellbeing by carrying on disposing of it into the sea, well after 1914. 62The Victorian, or South Pier at Blackpool having been built in the Victorian period offered a different ambience to that at the Central Pier. By 1911 the areas taste had changed and the Victorian pavilion was built to provide concerts for audiences of up to 900 people. Despite its distance from the other Blackpool piers, Victoria Piers popularity remained consistent. Visitors to the nearby Pleasure Beach Amusement p ark, which in the Edwardian period was the biggest and most neo amusement park in the country, also extended their visit to Victoria Pier. 63In 1908 Blackpools Central Pier made a feature of its electric railway. Roller-skating became a craze in 1909 and in 1911, in order to cater for the visitors to the resort, the owners of the Central Pier built a rink. 64British coastal defences have been evolving since the Roman period and as a result, Britain tended to be the forerunners of sea defence. The most distinctive are the sea walls these defences arose from the late 19th century and into the early 20th century. Where most local authorities constructed them as multipurpose promenades. 65HolidayDuring the 1800s, Britain had strict gender segregation. Whilst visiting the continent, where segregation was non-existent, British families became familiar with these customs and insisted on relaxed rules in order to act with their own family on British beaches. 66It wasnt until 1901 however, when Bexhill in East Sussex, introduced mixed bathing that the rules truly became relaxed, and by 1914 a majority of the beaches had mixed bathing, leading to the decline of the bathing machines. 67The postcard had been introduced in Britain around 1870, but the split back postcard was not accepted by the Post Office until 1902. Many artisans sold prints of their photographs or art in postcard form, becoming the first generation of postcards sent back home. 68Continental travel rose, to over 660,000 by the 1900s, whilst it is believed that the British seaside resort in that era was barely breaking even.69This popularisation of continental travel to a wider variety of social class gained criticism from the likes of John Ruskin and other heavy(p) Victorians who thought the well-educated would benefit far more from continental travel. 70During the Edwardian period, Blackpool, despite her late start, outdid her rivals with the attractions offered, with nearly four million holidaymaker s per year visiting by the outbreak of World War One. 71Britains seaside resorts had become unique and distinctive, using a verity of techniques to compete for guests. Torquay marketed itself as a holiday town by flaunting Ruskins words, who had called Torquay the Italy of England, this was due to a large number of Italians that had settled in the resort as ice cream vendors. Although places like Newquay, a popular resort today, was a mere village in 1911. 72The Polytechnic Touring Association (PTA) was a travelling by-product of the Polytechnic, a classroom club for those who wanted to better themselves. Due to the outbreak of war seaside activities and travel either stopped, as seen in the south and east of England where troops embarked for the conflict on the Continent, or slowed to a quieter pace as in the north. 73Women Travellers Hoteliers.The Landlady.Many landladies depended on an extra income due to the seasonality of their work this came predominantly from her husbands wo rk if he did not work in the hotel industry. A majority of the landladies were not wil

High School Athletes Should Consider College Over the NBA Essay

In the last ten years many young and talented high school hoops players deliver chosen to go far the NBA draft. These 17 and 18 year olds decide to skip college, and instead they choose to take a big risk and enter the NBA, hoping to become stars and earn millions of dollars. In many cases, these youngsters careers are a failure because they dont turn out as talented as they mind to be. They end up spending only a few seasons in the NBA because they are not good enough to compete at that level. Many of them name to move on to doing other things, such as playing basketball overseas, doing everyday jobs, or going back to college to earn a degree. This essay will help you understand why making the jump from high school to the NBA is not good in most cases, and it will show you the benefits, for these kids, of going to college.The victory RateReggie Harding was the first high school player to make the jump from high school to the NBA, and he did this in 1963. He spent five fair(a) seasons in the NBA and was never the special player that people thought he would devote been. Since then, there have been around 40 high school players who have decided to skip college and declare for the NBA draft. The bulk of these players have come within the last seven to ten years. Out of these forty or so players, no more than ten have had a palmy career. Last year seven high school players entered the NBA draft, and only one of those seven had a successful first season, and that was Lebron James (Smith).Although many youngsters fail in the NBA, there are a few high school players who have had, or do have a successful career in the NBA. Some of these are, Moses Malone, Kobe Bryant, Tracey McGrady, and this years most valu... ...arnett wont give up as teammates change. 23 surround 2001.ESPN NBA Online. 1 whitethorn 2004. . Carter, Fred. Pros and cons of high schoolers going pro. 11April 2003. ESPN NBA Online. 1 May 2004. .Hodge, Bill. Swift is 10th prep star to enter 2004 N BA Draft. 6 May 2004. ESPN College Sports. 7 May 2004. .Lebron James Player Profile. NBA Media Ventures. 2004. 1 May 2004..Smith, Sam. Hype over LeBron doesnt match Alcindors. 22 July 2003. ESPN NBA. 7 May 2004. .Tim Duncan Player Profile. NBA Media Ventures. 2004. 1 May 2004..

God And The Problem Of Evil Essay -- Religion Evil God religious Essay

God And The Problem Of Evil Everyday it is possible to read a newspaper, or turn on TV or radio news and learn just about ugly going on in our world. Banks are robbed, cars are stolen, gaga murders and rapes are committed. Somewhere in the world the aftershock of an earthquake is being felt. Cancer is killing millions of tribe each year, while other debilitating conditions continue to reach many with no cure to end their suffering. President Bush said that our country is fighting a war against evil. We all agree that evil is authorized and cannot be ignored the problem comes when we try and rationalize the concept of God and evil coexisting. Two types of evil exist in our world today. Natural evil occurs when earthquakes, hurricanes, and storms occur causing devastation in the world. Moral evil occurs when a person makes a choice as to how he will act in a certain situation. Everyday moral decisions are made. People decide whether to steal, give in to anger and harm another, fa lsify information, and behave in a way unaccept able-bodied to society. The problem of evil is this If God is loving, then he would want to end evil and if he is all-powerful he would be able to do just that. Since evil exists, how can God be both omnipotent and loving? The Christian Science answer to this question is that evil is an prank of the human mind. The Judaic/Christian faiths do not hold to this theory. The Bible is full of descriptions of good and evil in human life. Evil is pictured as dark and ugly. The ultimate example of evil for the Christian is the crucifixion of Jesus, a violent rejection of Gods Messiah. St. Augustines view is that the universe is good, (a creation of a good God and meant for a good purpose). He does not hold to the belief that matter is evil. He believes that there are higher, and lower, greater, and lesser goods in teemingness and variety. Everything is good in its own way, except that it may have become spoiled or corrupted. Whether the evil is an instance of pain, or some disorder in nature, it is the distortion of something intrinsically valuable. Since evil is negative, logic would reason that it was not willed or created by God. Why does an all-powerful God allow suffering and pain? What about moral evil? Why was a world created in which such things exist? One defense for evil is the free-will defense. This says that peop... ...il depends on his definition of God and the phrase good. Most people commend good means the best possible outcome, the absence of pain or problem, pleasure and happiness. Loosing is not good to us, even if loosing office help to develop good sportsmanship or a good work ethic. We do not consider being in need good, though it may help us to appreciate the times when we had plenty. A debilitating disease or handicap is not good, though any life has positive moments, and ecstasy can be found if it is looked for. Our negative responses to all these things helps to create their outcome. How s ad it would be if God has simply created a world devoid of any problems with people who never need struggle with making the right decision. Whether it is called soul making or character development the world is enriched by qualities such as love, compassion, generosity, and mercy. No definite answer can be reached as to why evil exists, but philosophy helps us to examine our own beliefs and consider why it is we think as we do. SourcesAugustine, St. Augustines Confessions VII. Hick, John. Philosophy of Religion 2nd Edition. Mackie, J. L. Evil and Omnipotence Mind. April 1955.